Gis project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gis project management - Essay Example In other words, successful leaders have passion for leadership. Similarly, project managers ought to have an internal personal drive that inspires and motivates their job performance. It is also noted that leadership is an ongoing and challenging practice. Notably, GIS project management is not short of the same observation. GIS project managers handle multiple tasks, manage team members, interact with clients, and encounter end-users from time to time. All these duties and responsibilities translate to management and leadership challenges evident in GIS projects. Finally yet importantly, Jane Harman’s advice maintains that hard work and failure are key components of the leadership puzzle. This advice relates to GIS project management in the sense that managers will ultimately strive to achieve their project goals. On the same note, not every project translates to automatic success. In this respect, failures should be viewed as learning curves for improved future outcomes. The idea is to promote leadership and management in equal measure as far as project management is

Postmaster Brown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Postmaster Brown - Essay Example However, the public did not send much airmail because it was expensive, and neither the Post Office nor the airmail carriers made money" (Freeman, 2003). Improvements made by postmaster Brown were radical. He had convened the conference "to get airline operators to agree to a consolidation of the various airmail routes into three or four coast to coast networks operated by the best equipped and most financially stable companies" (ecommcode2.com, 1999). It was United Airlines that kept the northern airmail routes; Transcontinental and Western Airlines (TWA) operated in the middle of the US; and American Airways flew across the southern part. Additionally Brown stripped all the benefits for air mail transportation and created incentives for passenger flights. Unfortunately, Brown fall into political disfavor when the new democratic president Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected. In 1993 charges were made against the postmaster fro collusion, illegal administration and unfair mail awards. Small aviation companies, which were pushed out of the business complained along with Senator Hugo Black who investigated the air mail case, were accusing Brown for improper use of power he gained. The conclusion was Brown has made it so, that air mail business has gone completely to friends of the Hoover administration. Nevertheless, they could not charge Brown for incompetence or unsuccessful policy.

Open field agriculture in England

Open field agriculture in England The open field system was a prevalent agricultural system in much of Europe from the middle ages; in some places it was still present up until the 20th century. For example in Herefordshire the last open fields were removed in the 20th century. This form of settlement can also be known as champion land. Each villager was allocated strips usually at a village meeting each year. Their holdings were scattered. However contrary to popular belief not all areas in England had open field farming in the medieval period. For example in Essex and Kent they retained pre Roman system of small square enclosed fields. Lincolnshire was a typical area of open field agriculture. However, much of pre roman Britain was an open field system. There is much division and debate on when the open field system originated. This can be argued that it is down to insufficient distinction being made between a three strip system, a three field system and an open field system.  [1]  H.L.Grays work in English field systems can be seen as a starting point in 1915. However it has now been realised that open field systems are much more complex than he first thought. He focused on the variety of open field systems. Later came Orwins view, in the open fields of 1938, they had a practical approach which was seen to be influential but they assumed that the open field system was fully running from the start which has been proven to be wrong. Then in 1964 came Joan thirsk new view, distinguishing between open fields and common fields and arguing that it developed slowly, maturing in the 13th century. In 1973 historical geographers Baker and Butlin did a number of regional studies which emphasised the variety, and stressed that they evolved . It concluded that the midland field system was more adaptable to change than was once believed.  [2]  This belief that they evolved is accepted but now earlier chronology is now preferred. Then in 1983 in the agricultural history review it drew attention to how they seemed to be planned. This was also argued in 1982 David Hall medieval fields for the 8th and 9th origin subdivided fields laid out in a deliberate act of planning. The original plan was drastically modified over time.  [3]  However this can be disputed R. A. Dodgshon argues that they were not consciously designed, but that they were makeshift and response to a diversity of influences. Opinion has therefore changed and evolved over time but is also still divided. Land was divided into what was known as planned countryside (champion) and ancient countryside (woodland). Thomas Harrison said it is so that soile being divided into champion ground and woodland  [4]  . In the champion everybody lives in uniformly built towns, it is a nucleated village, whereas woodland villages people are scattered. In the champion was where the open fields were, open fields are where there are no hedges or fixed physical boundaries, possibly on the edge but not internally, it has strips. The land is the champion is divided into lots of strips, each individual gets around 30 strips. They are scattered throughout the territory of the parish muddled with everybody elses. However it is in a regular order, as would be their houses in the streets also. Between 1220 and 1240 documents show that wherever Thomas de Hampton had strips then Henry de Kaam was his neighbour.  [5]  The strips of land also known as selions are then grouped into bundles called furlongs, t hese are then grouped into fields. Each village has two or three fields. Each year one of the fields was allowed to remain fallow. They were instead grazed with livestock, they became communal. Therefore it was communal on one hand but on the other individualistic, you got to keep what you grew. The strips could not be bundled into one group because if they were all in one place they may all be fallow for one year. In the late medieval periods they gradually disappear. It is often seen as hard to define when the open field system of agriculture first developed. There are many debates among historians for the origins of the open field system for example in a recent article on the common fields Dr Thirsk attacked the orthodox view of Gray Orwin on the subject. Dr Thirsk defined the classical common field system as being made up of four essential elements.  [6]  At first arable and meadow were divided into strips, then arable and meadow were open for common pasturing, then common rights over waste, then finally this was regulated by a group of people. This definition is quite unobjectionable, though it could be argued that its third element common rights over waste is not strictly essential to it.  [7]  In the journal it is argued that the open field system as it is normally understood did not come into being until the later Middle Ages. It argues that if dr thirsk succeeds in showing that the evidence for the existence of the open field syst em in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries is far from being conclusive or satisfactory.  [8]   Open field agriculture took many forms. Therefore it is hard to pin point when the origin was. The different factors which go to make up the various types of open field systems go some way towards explain the origins of such systems.  [9]  However this is then disputed by archaeologists who are concerned with the physical remains of the past e.g. ridge and furrow. The historians and historical geographers have a different view on the definition of open field systems compared to that of the archaeologists. Historians base their definitions on the systems, and social aspects. Not just merely the remains. This therefore leads to problems in dating when open fields originated. it is extremely difficult to discover the origins of almost any aspect of human behaviour, for until it is relatively common place it is usually difficult to detect archaeologically.  [10]  Also there is the problem that over the years there are changes that disrupt the land. Thus the physical manifestation s of open fields which archaeologists have to deal with are the result of the pattern imposed by the most recent cultivation, not the first.  [11]  Therefore when studying open field systems archaeologists look at the ridge and furrow and accept it to be medieval. It has however become clear from recent work they there was never just one type of open field system. Even by the thirteenth century, there was not one type of open field system but many.  [12]  There is often a pessimistic approach to the origins of open fields. The evidence that remains to help us discover the origins of the open field system includes ridge and furrow. A heavy plough, capable of turning over sod would cut the furrow and a mold board turns the soil sideways, pulled by 6 to 8 ox. We know this from domesday. This would gradually mound the soil up in the middle of the strip. The strips were not straight but always shaped as an s but backwards. This is because of the turning room the plough needed and the fact that most were right handed. We can date ridge and furrow from any time after the introduction of the heavy plough and not necessarily medieval. By the 11th century it was in use in most of England. It is important to remember that there was never one open field system over Britain that was identical and used. It also changed over the years. It developed over time. Why it grew is important. There needed to be a solution to the problem of farming with certain soils, animals, climate, topography, crops, markets, transportation and so forth. At any one moment there were open field villages in various stages of evolution.  [13]  Hard to define what an open field system was. It was different in different areas so can seen to be started at different times. Consequently, the second complex phenomenon behind the label is the lack of agreement of what is to be understood by an open field system, as different authors disagree to some extent on what constitutes the salient interlocking features of the system.  [14]   There are many broad outlines to what an open field system was and when it developed over the country making it difficult to summarise when it evolved. There is also lots of literature on this topic which is diverse. One of the earliest pieces of evidence of the early open field system comes from a law from King Ine of Wessex. If ceorls have a common meadow or other share land to enclose, and some have enclosed their share while other have not.  [15]  This was issued between 668 and 694. It gives evidence to the early existence of open fields. However it doesnt give elements of the whole system. It does not mention strips, cropping rules, common grazing or regulations. We cannot however assume that all land even within the same community was treated the same. All of the elements therefore may not have originated at once but could have been gradual. Then in 966 a charter refers to arable share land. it is very likely that the exploitation of the agricultural resources of midland E ngland was well established by the tenth century, although it is equally likely that the complex open filed system did not reach its full maturity before the twelfth.  [16]  There are now lots of evidence to suggest that the introduction of the open field system was a long term process. When looking at maps of open field systems you can see that each system is logically adapted to the geography of its parish. Also different systems co existed side by side in the same geographical area. The open field system originated because it was sufficient at feeding the population. Local landowners would rent land to farmers known as tenants, they would grow enough to survive and any left would be sold to market. Ridge and furrow advantages include drainage especially on heavy clay soils where the water wont drain easily. However you do not want to plough light soils such as chalk. Also there is the creased table cloth theory. Possible resistance to soil erosion and it creates more surface area so there is more land to grow crops on. For many centuries it met the countrys need for food, it also let villagers have a say as it made decision by vote, and people were working together, there was also the common land so a sense of community. It went hand in hand with the development of villages clustered around a nucleus of church and manor house. This created a sense of community, they worked communally, and open field agriculture is an example of this. In some villages, villagers owned a team of oxen so ploughed the strips in sequence. However in some ways it can also be seen as individualistic. It gradually spread over England, but it can never be said that it completely took over. The most common open field system was where a village had 3 bigs fields with the village located in the centre, each field could be miles across and each villagers would have strips of land in each field so that each would have a share of good and bad land.

Double Jeopardy Summary :: essays research papers

In the movie, Double Jeopardy, Libby Parsons, played by Ashley Judd, and her husband Nick, Bruce Greenwood, go out on a weekend sailboat trip. During the night, Libby wakes up finding herself alone and covered in blood. As she gets up to search for her husband, all she finds is more blood all over the boat and a bloody knife on deck. As the investigation is underway, Libby is charged with her husband’s murder. It is found that Nick and she had two million dollar life insurance policies. This is used as a motive and Libby is convicted of his murder. As Libby serves her time in prison, she entrusts her friend, Angela, Annabeth Gish, with her son. Over some time, Libby finds out through a phone call to Angela and Matty, Benjamin Weir, that Nick had staged his own death and was still alive. After serving six years in prison, she is released on parole. She violates her parole and through her own investigation finds out that Angela is dead and that her husband lives in New Orleans under a new identity. By skipping town, her correctional officer Travis Lehman, played by Tommy Lee Jones, is on her trail. He finds out what she is after and teams up with the local police to track her down. Once in New Orleans, Parsons finds the new Jonathan Deberaux and lets him know that she found him. She tells him that all she wants is her son and he agrees. He sets her up, however, at the cemetery by pretending that her son is there, but he knocks her out and puts her in a casket in a catacomb. Travis finds Libby after she escapes but instead of taking her in, he helps her to finish what she was there to do. He goes back to question Jonathan one last time about why Libby may want to find him, but instead tapes him when he says that he buried her and that there was nothing left to worry about. Libby comes into the room and demands her child again with a gun in her hand. Jonathan tries to get her to put it down by asking her if she wanted to serve time again. She tells him, how ever, what she learned in prison from an inmate. As the conversation heats up, Libby’s husband shoots Travis, but Libby kills Mr.

Codes of practice and guidance Status Essay

Definitions – equality, equality of opportunity, diversity, different types of discrimination (direct, indirect etc); equality legislation (UK, EU, the international picture); human rights legislation; coverage of legislation: employees, customers, stakeholders; industry requirements eg. public sector; conflicts eg. between law and religious or cultural beliefs Codes of practice and guidance Status of guidance and codes of practice ie. voluntary, required; industry standards or requirements eg. public sector requirements Benefits Benefits of equality and diversity in workforce, benefits of equality and diversity in stakeholder/customer base Needs Needs and expectations of those inside the organisation, needs and expectations of those outside the organisation; fairness and justice, impact of prejudice and discrimination on groups and individuals 2. Understand the dynamics of leading and managing equality and diversity in an organisation Commitment Creating a language and culture of commitment; how the behaviour, actions and words of those within the organisation support commitment to equality and diversity; the importance of showing respect; leading by example Policies and procedures Policies and procedures for legal compliance, policies and procedures to meet organisational aims and commitment, writing equality and diversity policies, how to ensure procedures help to meet policy Communication Importance of communicating commitment, policies and procedures; training staff; raising awareness of staff and stakeholders. Ensuring suppliers are aware of commitment, policies and procedures eg. website designers, printers consider accessibility issues in terms of language, size of text; facilities management consider suitability of premises access and use etc .

Indian Contract Act Essay

THE INDIAN CONTTRACT ACT, 1872 The Law of contract is that branch of Law, which determines the circumstances in which promises made by parties to contract shall be legally binding on them. Every one of us enters into a number of contracts from morning until night. Examples: 1) Buying Milk early in the morning. 2) Boarding BEST Bus 3) Borrowing Money from Friend 4) To see movie. 5) Purchasing goods from shops. This how we enter into contracts though we are not conscious of it .Therefore, it is most usual method of defining the give and take deal in a business transaction The law relating to the contract is contained in the INDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1972. The principle of this law helps in settlement of disputes between the parties to the contract. The Indian Contract Act, 1872 deals only with promises which creates legal obligation. DEFINITION OF CONTRACT The word contract is derived from the â€Å"LATIN† term â€Å"CONTRACTUM† Meaning â€Å"DRAWN TOGETHER† This therefore denotes drawing together of two or more minds to form a common intention-giving rise to an agreement. Indian Definition A Contract is â€Å"an agreement† Enforceable by law {u/s 2(h)} By analysis of this definition we find that a contract consists of two elements 1) An Agreement 2) Enforceability by law Consent and free consent Consent: Generally speaking, the word consent means agreeing that something should happen. An agreement is valid only when it is the result of the free consent of all the parties to it. Consent means act of assenting to an offer. {S-13} defines consent as two or more person are said to consent when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense. Explanation: Consent therefore, requires unity of the mind. When parties agreed upon the same thing in the same sense, they have consensus ad idem. Consensus ad idem means agreement to this same thing. Real agreement to a contract by the both parties. If there no consent, there is no contract. Free consent Parties’ consenting upon the same thing in the same sense is not sufficient, consent means also be from {S-14} says Consent is said to be so caused when it would not have been given but for the existence of such coercion, undue, fraud or misrepresentation or mistake. {S-19} says a contract is void able at the option of the party whose consent was caused due to coercion, undue influence, fraud or misrepresentation or mistake. For example: A is forced to sign an agreement at the point of pistol. Here, A knows what he is signing but his consent is not free. In the following cases the consent of a person is NOT FREE. B. COERCION {S-15} When a person is compelled to enter into a contract by the use of force by the other party or under a threat, coercion is said to be employed. {S-15} Coercion is- a) The committing or threatening to commit any act forbidden by the Indian Penal Code, 1860 OR b) The unlawful detaining or threatening to detain any property to the prejudice of any person whatever, c) With the intention of causing any person to enter into an agreement. Explanation: It is immaterial whether the Indian Penal Code is or is not in force in the place where the coercion is employed. For example: A threatens to kills B, if he does not lend money C. B agrees to lend money to C. The agreement is entered into by coercion Case: Ranganayakamma vs. Alwar Setti: A Hindu widow was forced to adopt M under threat that her husband’s dead body will not be allowed to be removed by her husband’s relatives. The adoption was held to be voidable as having induced by coercion. It is important to note that coercion may proceed from anybody, even a person who is not a party to the contract. It may be  directed against anybody not necessarily the other contracting party. It includes physical compulsion, fear and even menace to the goods. [S-19]: When consent to an agreement is caused by coercion, fraud or misrepresentation the agreement is a contract voidable at the option of the party whose consent was so caused [S-72]: A person to whom has been paid or anything delivered under coercion or mistake must repay or return it. Case : T.G.M. Asad vs. Coffee Board Held – Coercion in [S-72] of this Act must be understood in the ‘ordinary sense’. It includes every kind of compulsion even if it does not measure upto definition in this section. UNDUE INFLUENCE [S-16] It is wrong pressure put on someone which prevents that person from acting independently .i.e. A party is compelled to enter into an agreement against his own will as a result of unfair persuasion by the other party. This happens when a special kind of relationship exists between the parties that a party is in a position to dominate the will of the other and because of such unfair influence, the other party is compelled to enter into an agreement against his will. This principle applies to very case where: a) The influence is acquired and abused. (b) Where confidence is respond and betrayed. {S-16(1)}: A contract is said to be induced by undue influence where the relation subsisting between the parties is such that one of the parties is in a position to dominate the will of the other and uses that position to obtain an unfair advantage over the other. A person deemed to be in a position to dominate the will of the other- (a) Where he holds real or apparent authority over the other For example: Master and servant. (b)Where he makes a contract with a person whose mental capacity is temporarily or permanently affected: Because of age, illness or mental or bodily distress S-16(2) For example: Doctor and Patient. Effect of undue influence: When the consent to the agreement is caused by undue influence, it is voidable at the option of the part whose consent so caused {S-19A}: Any such contract may be st aside. If the party has received benefit, then, upon such terms and condition as the court may seem just FRAUD (S-17) Misrepresentation of facts may be intentional or unintentional. ‘Intentional mispresentation is ‘fraud’, unintentional or ‘innocent’ representation is called a â€Å"mispresentation†. A statement of fact which one party makes in the course of negotiations with with a view to inducing the other party to enter into a contract is called a â€Å"representation†. According to (S-17) fraud MEANS and INCLUDES any of the following acts committed by a party to the contract or with his connivance, or by his agent with intent to deceive another or to induce a person to enter into the contract. (Connivance: see and ignore.) For example: { S-55} of Transfer of Property Act – the seller of an immovable property is bound to disclose to the buyer all material defects – failure to do so amounts to a fraud. Consequences of Fraud [S. 19]: A contract induced by a fraud is voidable at the option of the party defrauded. If the party does not avoid the contract, it will continue to be valid. The party defrauded has the following remedies: (a). he can rescind the contract within a reasonable time. However, if any innocent third party acquires an interest in the property for value then – he cannot rescind the contract. (Rescind – to cancel, to annul.) (b). he may ask for damages suffered because of non fulfillment of the contract.(Damages compensation). E. MISREPRESENTATION [S.18]: A representation is a statement or assertion made by 1 party to the other, before or at the time of the contract relating to it. If the assertion is untrue and the person making it believes it to be true, it is known as innocent representation. If it is done intentionally, it will be a fraud. For example: A while selling his mare to B, tells him that mare is perfectly sound. A genuinely believes the mare to be sound although he has no sufficient for the belief. Later on B discovers the mare to be unsound. The representation made by A misrepresentation. Definition of misrepresentation [S.18]: Misrepresentation MEANS & INCLUDES a) [S.18(1)] The positive assertion in a manner not warranted by the information of the person making it, of which is not true, though he believes it to be true. (b)S. 18(2)] Any breach of duty, which, without an intent to deceive, gains an advantage to the person committing, it, or anyone claiming under him, by misleading another to his prejudice or to the prejudice of anyone claiming under him. (c)Causing however innocently a party to an agreement to make a mistake as to the substance of the thing which is the subject matter of the agreement [S.18(3)]. Mistake of law: [S.21] A contract is not avoidable (valid) because it was caused by a mistake as to any law in force in India; But a mistake is to any law not in force in India has the same effect as a mistake of fact. (a). Mistake of law of the country (India): ] Where there is mistake of law of India, the contract is binding because everybody is supposed to the knowledge of his own law does not affect the contract. For Example: A and B make a contract on the erroneous belief that a particular debt is barred by the India aw of limitation. This is a VALID CONTRACT because mistake as to law of India does not affect the contract. The reason behind this is that a person is expected to know the law of his own country, and if he does not, he must suffer the consequences of such ignorance of law. (b). mistake of foreign law: (S.21} This is regarded as a question of fact and not of law. Because a person is not bound, in civil law, to know the law of a foreign country. Therefore if a person has entered into contract by making a mistake of law of a foreign country, the contract may e avoided. For example: A and B enter into contract in India based on an erroneous belief that a particular debt is barred by American law of limitation. The contract is void because the mistake is of the law of America i.e. a mistake of fact which makes a contract void {u/s-21}. Mistake of fact: Bilateral Mistake: {S.20} Definition: {S-20} When both parties to an agreement are under a mistake as to a matter of fact essential to the agreement, the agreement is void For this following condition must be fulfilled: 1) The mistake must be mutual: Both the parties should misunderstand each other. For example: A agreed to purchase B’s motor car which was lying in B’s garage. Unknown to both the parties, the car and garage were completely destroyed by a fire a day earlier. The agreement is void. (2). The mistake must relate to a matter of fact essential to the agreement: As to what facts are essential in an agreement will depend upon the nature of the promise in each case. The mistake, moreover, must relate to an existing fact. |||. Opinion: Explanation {S-20}: An erroneous opinion as to the value of at thing which forms the subject matter of an agreement is not be deemed a mistake as to a matter of fact. For example: A buys an article thinking it is worth rs.500,  actually it is worth rs.200. the agreement cannot be avoided on the ground of mistake. (1), physical impossibility: Case: Griffith vs. Brymer(1903) A contract for the hire of a room for witnessing the coronation procession of Edward VII was held to be void, because – unknown to the parties, the procession had already been cancelled. Unilateral mistake:{S-22} If the mistake is on the part of one person only, the contract is valid. When one of the parties to the contract is under a mistake as to the identity, quality or price of the subject matter of the contract. The mistake is unilateral mistake. {S-22} says a contract is not avoidable merely because it was caused by one of the parties to it being under a mistake as to a matter of fact Case: Smith vs. Hughes (1871): H bought oates from S, a sample of which had been shown to H. Erroneously H thought the oaters were old. The oates were however new. Held- H cannot avoid the contract For example: A buy an article thinking its worth rs 1000/- when it is worth ro 50/- A cannot avoid the contract REMDIES FOR MISTAKES [S-65 & 72] [S-65] says where an agreement is discovered to be void, OR where a  contract become void, any persons who has received any advantage under such an agreement OR contract is BOUND TO RESTORE it OR to make COMPENSATION for it to the person, from whom he has received it. FOR Example : A pays B rs. 1000? In consideration of B’s promising to marries to C. C is that at the time of promise. The agreement is void, but B must pay a rs.1000 Performance of contract: When contract need not to be performed a) substitute to new contract: if the parties to the contract agrees to substitute a new contract for it oar rescind alter it the original contract need not to be performed{S-62} b) Dispense the performance: If the promise dispenses with or remits holy or in part, the performance of promise made to him or Extends the time for such performance or accepts satisfaction for it, the contract need not be performed {S-63} (c) Voidable contract : When the void able contract is rescinded the other party need not perform his promise {S-64} Tender/offer of performance: The offer to perform is called the tender. Sometimes it so happens that a party who is bound to perform his promise under the contract is ready and wlling to perform but the other party to the contract does not accept the performance or is not willing to carry out his part of the promise. The rule is given in {S-38} Where a promisor has made an offer of performance to the promise, and the offer has not been accepted, the promise is not responsible for non performance, nor does he thereby lose his rights under a contract. Effect of refusal to perform: {S-39} When a party to a contract has refused to performed or disabled himself from performing the promise . The promise may put an end to the contract , unless he has shown his willingness to continue the contract by word or conduct.