Humor And Humour Of The Picture Of Dorian Gray - 1368 Words

On why humour is about power, control and the balance of intellect and emotions In ancient times, humour or comic was strictly censored. In places like Greece and Egypt, jokes were even forbidden in social situations. Considering the almost taboo nature of humour, it s hardly surprising that humour never received particular attention from ancient scholars. Plato was averse to humour as jokes and sarcasm were not encouraged and men and women were expected to be serious rather than frivolous about all issues. Some ancient scholars went to the extent to argue that humour could lead to sarcasm, disrespect, vulgar or volatile discourse and finally anger, resentment and even murder. Despite this, there is some interesting anecdotal evidence†¦show more content†¦A recent example of humour gone badly is the case of Charlie Hebdo. The magazine has been under repeated attacks as their humorous cartoons on Prophet Muhammad and on the aftermath of Italian earthquake were considered in bad taste and insensitive. The concept of humour has been anthropologically tied to the aggressive and mocking behaviour of apes. However, historically humour has been linked with a type of play so humour is primarily applied to situations that are comic. However, laughter has often been associated with scorn, mockery, and sarcasm. Philosophically, humour has been explained with the superiority theory, the relief, and incongruity theory. Superiority theory suggests that humour and ridicule are often used against an adversary as by joking about someone, we establish our superiority. This theory suggests that laughter helps us to establish superiority. The Relief theory suggests that humour is a form of relief of the nervous system and laughter acts as a valve and helps in relieving the pent-up nervous energy. The relief theory is a popular theory in philosophy and is congruent with the Freudian theory of humour as Freud argued that humour is the release of sexual energy and repressed unconscious thoughts and emotions on hostility and sexuality are often given vent through laughter and jokes. This means that if you feel sexually attracted to someone or feel hostility towards someone, you ll tend to joke to release some of thatShow MoreRelatedThe Picture of Dorian Gray and the Turn of the Screw in the Gothic Genre4189 Words   |  17 PagesOscar Wildes The Picture of Dorian Gray and Henry James The Turn Of the Screw are key examples of the way in which gothic texts use and adapt the conventions of the genre. These changes occur due to the authors own personal context and values. The inexorable link between text, context and values is expressed through the way in which both authors choose to manipulate, redefine and introduce new conventions to the gothic. Oscar Wildes first and only novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, was written

Childhood Obesity And The United States And School Lunches

Observational studies were done on school children in kindergarten through third grade. The article explains that the children’s BMIs (body mass index) were measured at the beginning of the school year, end of the school year, and then again at the beginning of the following school year. It was seen that the BMI increase of the children increased twice as much during the three summer months than during the nine-month school frame. This infers that children gain more weight and are more incline to become overweight in their own home environment than their school environment. Sloviter makes a point that this increase in BMI at such a young age will lead to an increased risk for adult obesity. She concludes the article by briefly reminding the reader to remember that there are other factors that contribute to childhood obesity and the largest factor may not be the school lunch environment after all. While reading this article my viewpoint was challenged. Childhood obesity in the United States and school lunches have always seemed to go hand in hand because of all the national attention public school have been receiving within the past ten or so years. However, the studies that Sloviter provided made clear suggestions that school lunches in the United States may not be so terrible or unhealthy as I have been assuming. It is still slightly odd that this is so, considering in my previous research statistics have shown American school lunches to be high in fats, carbs, and sugars.Show MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : A Serious Problem1221 Words   |  5 PagesObesity is not only found amongst children, it is also found in pre-teen to teenage years as well. Childhood years are the most important period of a kids life, were they learn behavior and mold into the adult they will become. Starting bad eating habits early in the childhood years sets them up for more complications later in t heir lives. One out of three children in the U.S are obese, which most of them will end up facing a greater risk of having medical, social, emotional problems some even endRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children985 Words   |  4 Pageschildren, obesity among children is still too high. For children and adolescents aged 2-19 years, the prevalence of obesity has remained fairly stable at about 17% and affects about 12.7 million children and adolescents for the past decade (CDC). Childhood obesity does not only affect children, but also has many long term health effects on our children as they get older, including, an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in both childhood and adulthood. (2). Researchers estimate that if obesity trendsRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is The Constant Build Up Of Excessive Fats That Impair The Health Of A Child Essay1723 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity is the constant build up of excessive fats that impair the health of a child. When chil dren are obese, they have high cholesterol and high blood pressure that threatens their lives with CVD. It also causes extreme breathing problems, joint problems, and an increase in contracting type 2 diabetes. Nearly one in three kids in the United States is obese and that is more than triple the amount from the 1960’s. Childhood obesity is taking control of many kid’s lives throughout theRead MoreShould School Lunches Be Banned?1565 Words   |  7 PagesA child spends the majority of their childhood in a school. In schools, students acquire the academic knowledge and life skills that they need to carry out a successful life—ranging from learning basic math to how to tie their shoes. Another big part of school is the lunch hour. Lunch is a period in which students can get a break from classes, socialize, and refuel their minds to tackle the rest of the day. But school lunches have been known for being unhealthy and bad for students to consumeRead MoreEv aluating the Research Process Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pages Steacy Childhood Obesity The author of this article talks about the increasing number of obese children in America and what it will take to have healthy and nutritious school lunch programs provided to school children. During a survey performed by the author on many children who are suffering from obesity in America and the health problems these unhealthy school lunches are creating, the lunches were analyzed based on content of nutritional value and how harmful school lunches are to childrenRead MorePersuasive Essay On School Lunches1052 Words   |  5 Pagesus have attended school once in our life. And many of us have tasted the dreadful school lunches that are served. Various people believe that schools need to provide more food in a meal. Society has been conversing about the nutrious value in a school meal and they wonder if the meat in the lunches are real or completely fake â€Å"beef†. School lunches have become even more unacceptable and need to be re-thought for the health of the younger generations. To start off school lunches have become moreRead MoreObesity And School Lunch Program997 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood obesity is one of the nation’s public health main challenge: About one third of children and adolescents (ages 6 to 19) are determined as overweight or obese, and more than one in six that group are determined to be obese in United States. As most people do not understand the difference between overweight and obesity, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases identifies this disparity—overweight refers to an excess amount of body weight that may come from musclesRead MorePreventing Obesity among School Children through Healthier School Meals1323 Words   |  5 PagesPreventing Obesity Among School Children through Healthier School Meals Obesity and overweight are among the pressing health problems among children and adolescents in the developed world. Obesity refers to an excess amount of body fat whereas overweight can be measured by the BMI index or height-weight ratio. According to the WHO (2012), obesity and overweight are the fifth largest risk for global deaths. Introduction Obesity and overweight among children and adolescents has increasedRead MoreEssay on School Lunches Lead to Obesity in Our Children1309 Words   |  6 Pagesunder the age of 20, about 12.5 million are considered obese. School districts that serve students food that are high in calories and fat are to blame for the growing numbers of obese children. Although school lunches provide students food at minimal costs, the poor quality of food served delivers inadequate nutrition and is responsible for the rising numbers of obese minors in the United States. In order to combat this growing problem, school districts must limit student choices in the lunchroom andRead MoreGovernment-Subsidized Food1201 Words   |  5 PagesGovernment-subsidized food is a growing epidemic in this country. According to Adam Drewnoski, an obesity researcher at University of Washington, â€Å"A dollar could buy 1,200 calories of cookies or potato chips but only 250 calories of carrots. Also, he discovered that a dollar bought 875 calories of soda but only 170 calories of orange juice† (Pollan 1). This statistic proves that the emergence of unhealthy food and growing obesity numbers are directly correlated to the increasing government-subsidized food that is

Culture of the Samurai Essay Example For Students

Culture of the Samurai Essay When one thinks of a Japanese samurai, they generally picture in their mind a stout warrior devoid of emotion, battle armor glinting, and sword poised with a silent threat. Although this image may be historically accurate, many people do not expand their thoughts past the awe-inducing thought of such a noble warrior and into the many arts within the cultural aspects of being a samurai. Their art of fighting is what made the samurai famous world-wide. Although pride and honor came before anything else in the life of a samurai, there is much more to them than common knowledge dictates. In order to fully understand the Samurai in ancient Japan, it is necessary to take a look at the historical framework of the time. Before the early 12th century, Japan was ruled by an all-powerful Emperor who derived his power from the belief that he was a descendant of the sun goddess. Under the Emperor were small semi-autonomous tribal units called uji, who were bound together by fictitious bonds of kinship. These units were loyal to the Emperor and some, especially in the case of the Fujiwara clan during the Heian period (794-1185), even exerted dominance over the imperial family and were the ones who actually governed the Emperors land. However, the beginning of the 12th century saw the decline of Imperial power and the rise of regional militias formed to protect precious land in the wake of disunity in Japan caused by the break up of the Han Dynasty. It was during this time that the Samurai class began to take shape and rise to power. Perhaps one of the most fascinating arts that has come to be linked with the samurai is the cha no yu, or tea ceremony. Few activities in general are quite as thoroughly refined and thoughtful and yet evolved through such troubled times. Complicated and yet utterly simple, the tea ceremony in many ways could be a metaphor not only for the samurai ideal but also for the land of Japan itself. The tea ceremony normally took place in a tearoom, the chachitsu. The guests entered through the nijiriguchi, a small square door, with samurai leaving their swords outside and the last to enter, closing the door behind him. The nijiriguchi was only about two and a half feet square. Guests therefore entered by crawling, a deliberately humbling device intended to create a sense of equality once inside. The tearoom was arranged so that those entering would first spy a scroll hanging in the tokonoma or alcove. This scroll was normally of calligraphy, with its subject often that of a simple observation such as Honrai mu Ichibutsu (Originally there is nothing). As this scroll is carefully chosen by the host to reflect a mood or the season, the guests customarily spend a moment appreciating it before seating themselves around a small hearth in the center of the room. At this point the host enters, and the principal guest thanks him or her for their invitation and politely inquires about the scroll or some other object in the room should one be present. However, and throughout the time spent in the tearoom, conversations and articulations are brief, and it was considered impolite to speak of things not related to the ceremony. The principle guest then serves a light meal, called the kaiseki, which was intended to be pleasing to the eye as well as the taste. At this time, a modest serving of sak, a rice wine, is also offered in shallow bowls, followed by a piece of fruit or some other light dessert. The guests then exit the tearoom while the host prepares it for the drinking of tea, replacing the scroll with a single flower in a vase. When the guests return, the host heats water in an iron kettle, then rinses and wipes the tea bowl and utensils. He places powdered green tea in a bowl with a bamboo dipper, then whips the tea with a whisk (also bamboo) until the surface is slightly frothy, then serves it to his guests. Two kinds of tea will be served: koi-cha, which is the more formal of the two and possessed of a thicker consistency and bitter taste, and usu-cha thinner and more informal. Koi-cha is served first, and all the guests drink a small quantity from the same bowl. Later in the ceremony, usucha is served in individual bowls. The tea bowls themselves can vary in design according to the host and the season. Winter tea bowls are deeper, to help contain heat, while summer bowls are shallower and broader to release the heat and give the impression of coolness. Throughout the ceremony, the hosts and guests both aspire towards a sense of tranquility. The priest Takuan wrote of preparing for a tea ceremony and said, and let this all be carried out in accordance with the idea that in this room we can enjoy the streams and rocks as we do the rivers and mountains in Nature, and appreciate the various moods and sentiments suggested by the snow, the moon, and the trees and flowers, as they go through the transformation of seasons, appearing and disappearing, blooming and withering. As visitors are greeted here with due reverence, we listen quietly to the boiling water in the kettle, which sounds like a breeze passing through the pine needles, and become oblivious of all worldly woes and worries Another art often not thought of is ancient Japanese clothing. As may be expected, the basic clothing item in a samurais everyday wardrobe was the kimono, which for men normally consisted of an outer and inner layer. Heavier kimonos were worn in the winter, while lighter examples (those made of finer silk, for instance) were worn in the summer. To Build A Fire EssayThe samurais hair was an important part of his appearance, and most texts and house-codes of the samurai make reference to the importance of its neat appearance. For the better part of a thousand years, the traditional hairstyle was the topknot, a fashion by no means exclusive to the samurai. Nearly everyone, with the exception of Buddhist priests, wore topknots, making the genesis of this style nearly impossible to guess at it with authority. There is reference to the use of topknots in ancient China, and it might have been one of the many cultural imports introduced to Japan between the Asuka-Nara and Heian Periods. Needless to say, there was any number of styles of topknot by the Edo Period. The chasen-gami , for instance, was produced by wrapping a piece of string around the length of the topknot, producing a spray of hair at the end that resembled a tea whisk. The topknot would then either be worn back or forward, hanging over the center of the head. The mitsu-ori was a style popular in the later 16th Century. The hair was well oiled and formed into a queue and folded forward on the head, then back again, and was tied in place. An abbreviated version, the futatsu-yori, was only folded forward before being tied, and was trimmed with a razor to give the front an almost solid appearance. Interestingly, these styles were not uncommon among the lower classes. For headgear out of armor, powerful samurai would wear eboshi, a cap of black silk gauze stiffened with a black lacquered paper lining. The cap was held in place either by a white cord, or was pinned to the samurais topknot. The size and shape of the cap was largely dependant on the samurais rank, though the use of eboshi was reserved for only the most formal of events by the 16th Century. As most anyone knows, a samurais honor is his life, and vice versa. Hara-kiri is the common language term for ritual suicide. Hara-kiri, which literally means stomach cutting, is a particularly painful method of self-destruction. Commonly known simply as seppuku, it was only allowed to be performed by samurai class warriors. A Samurai was allowed to die by his own hand in order to show respect for his character and honor. Other than the samurai who committed seppuku, a kaishaku was needed. Kaishaku, an assistant who was called the second, was responsible for cutting off the samurais head after he had sliced his abdomen open. The person was generally a close friend or associate of the condemned. Usually there would be about two attendants from the samurais lord and/or the shogun. They were called kenshi, or inspector. They were sent by the Shogun and responsible to observe the ritual and to file a report. Seppuku was carried out with dignity and great care by both the person committing it as well as the kaishaku. The soon-to-be-dead samurai dressed out in a nice, white kimono to symbolize purity. Before him would be a wooden tray crafted for this specific occasion. Placed upon it were a sheaf of washi paper, ink, a cup of sake, and a short knife called a tanto. To start the ceremony, he would drink the sake, preferably in two gulps. One gulp was considered gauche, and three was considered to be miserly. Two gulps showed the correct combination of contemplation and determination. Next, the samurai would take the paper and ink and compose a fitting poem. After composing the poem, he would then procede to the main event. The samurai slipped down his upper kimono to his girdle, carefully put his sleeves under his knees in order to die and fall forward; a standard way for a samurai to die. He took the dirk that lay before him with a steady hand. After waiting a few seconds to collect his thoughts, he stabbed himself deeply below the waist on the left hand side. He drew the dirk slowly across to the right. As the dirk reached the right side he gave a slight cut upward and then leant forward, craning his neck. Once an expression of pain crossed his face, the kaishaku, who had been keenly watching the whole process, sprang to his legs and poised his sword in the air for a second, cut off the head from the body quickly and smoothly. During a dead silence the kaishaku, having wiped his sword, bowed solemnly to the witnesses, and the dirk was removed as a proof of the death of the samurai. Although seppuku is now forbidden, many people in modern Japan still believe that an honorable death is better than a disgraceful life. Influenced by this idea, Japan has the highest rate of suicide in the world. Hearing of a Japanese kill themselves for failing in business or for not passing an exam is not uncommon. Throughout the centuries, the Japanese samurai has evolved and developed and become a cultural icon. They are distinguished by use of the tea ceremony: a reverent and calming experience. They are recognized by their appearance: status symbols, fashion, and utility. Finally, they often died by their own hand during the seppuku ritual: an honorable and highly choreographed death. The samurai lives as a fantastic image in the minds of subsequent cultures worldwide. However, there is much more history, ritual, and sacrifice to their history than most people tend to realize.

Sustainability and Innovation

Executive Summary The report extensively investigates on various aspects of innovation and sustainability. Innovation is becoming a strategy that many companies are using to achieve sustainability and profits. The report presents a case study of 3M United States Company that has embraced sustainability in all its operations. The company has managed to succeed in its innovation.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sustainability and Innovation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The sustainability programmes that it offers are centred to create a conducive environment that impacts positively on economic and social structures. The report suggests that individuals and corporate entities should engage or participate in sustainability programs to impact positively on the current and future generations. Background Advancement in technology and the changing lifestyles of people requires flexibility and adaptation for business to survive. Technology has affected the way business is conducted around the globe. Opportunities present are friendly to innovative people who are able to come up with different strategies to solve problems that face human beings. Innovation and sustainability have become pertinent in business’ success. The report covers on innovation and sustainability in the business set up. Objectives and aims The main aim of the report is to determine: The relationship between sustainability and innovation How sustainability and innovation contribute to the performance and success of a business The impact of sustainability and innovation on a selected case company Scope/structure The report mainly focuses on sustainability and innovation. These two aspects are pertinent in business operations. Sustainability of the environment is important in smooth running of business. The 3M Company serves as the case study for the report because of its commitment and support in ensuring the sustain ability of environment. The findings are essential in offering best strategies for businesses to participate and support sustainability besides encouraging innovation. Sustainability Sustainability is a term used in reference to the need to conserve natural environments (Yasamorn Phapruke 2011, p. 4). It therefore implies that all things that are important to people’s lives depend on the environment. People thrive and survive because of their environment, which allows them to gain access to water and other important resources that are pertinent to their general life ad health. Therefore, ensuring that these environments are conserved should be their obligation. Businesses and individuals need to take the initiative of ensuring that the surrounding environment is protected from bad human actions that pose threats to the natural environment.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn M ore According to Christensen (2003), any business has the prerogative of ensuring that its immediate surroundings are well conserved. Even though businesses aspire to get high profits, they have the duty of putting concerns of the society before any other. The concept of sustainability is gaining a lot of acceptance by many companies under the umbrella of social corporate responsibility. According to Gobble (2012), in the survey conducted in 2010, it was revealed that close to 70 percent of companies embraced the principles of sustainability (p. 64). They had placed this as one of their most important agenda. Innovation Competitions in the business world require people who are able to think and come up with creative ideas to help them survive and gain a competitive edge over the others. The main objective of innovation in business is to create value through the development of ideas from the mind to the market. Innovation can therefore be defined as the process of formulating ideas and using them to attain an advantage or to achieve one’s goals (Gobble 2012, p. 64). Most companies find it difficult to achieve their goals because they are not innovative, a case that retards their performance. In most cases, employees working there are not provided with incentives to enable them become innovative. The structures and the systems that many organisations have created deter the creativity of many potential innovative workers. According to Taylor and Theyel (2010), innovation is not difficult (p. 93). The problem that makes it difficult is lack of good ideas. Ideas are learned and experienced in people’s day-to-day interactions. If people are exposed to a lot of information and ideas, they have a good chance of becoming innovative. Innovative can be attained systematically. It does not require an individual to strain a lot, but through learning, training, and exposure, an individual can become innovative. There are obstacles that deter companies and in dividuals from becoming innovative. These include scarcity of ideas among the workers. Another reason is lack of financial or moral/mentorship support. This may kill an idea before it is implemented hence deterring innovation. Individuals with financial problems may not be able to implement their ideas into practical products or services. Mentorship and moral support are also vital ingredients in innovation. People may fail to implement their ideas because they lack moral support from their friends or close members (Frank Florian 2011, p. 59)Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Sustainability and Innovation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Inventiveness has become a key influencing factor in strategic planning. The world is changing at first pace, and to keep with these trends, the only option is to invest in innovation. Companies have come to realise that they cannot achieve their objectives without investing in innovation. Creativity and innovation can be learned (Lindgren 2012, p. 53). To be innovative, an individual has to be attentive to things and experiences that he/she faces. Through these experiences, a person is able to come up with ideas that can improve on what already exists. According to Duygu, Jan, and Nelliene (2012), innovativeness of a firm is its receptiveness and inclination in adopting new ideas and views that aid in the development of new products (p. 89). Innovativeness is a prerogative to a firm’s survival and prosperity. Human beings require new things that make them satisfied. Addressing these human desires/problems will enable a firm to sell more products and services, which triggers the increase in profitability and general success. Sustainability and Innovation Sustainability and innovation are two important components in the success and prosperity of an individual and or a company. Sustainability and innovation have near similarities. Businesses are requi red to carry out their activities to gain profits while at the same time conserving the environment by monitoring their social, economic, and environmental actions. Sustainability should not imply proper management of resources to meet the present needs without exposing the future generations to danger. However, sustainability should bring quality life today, as well as prosperity to ensure that the future is not compromised. Therefore, companies should aspire to carry out their responsibilities putting in mind the current and the future trends. Innovation should allow the generation of ideas that add value besides ensuring prosperity of the business while at the same time being sustainable. An idea that is positive, but which does not ensure sustainability is not viable. For example, a company that innovates, for instance, a product that provides multiple solutions to the society problems but causes a lot of damage to the same society in the long run is not viable. According to Gob ble (2012), sustainability is â€Å"meeting the people’s current social, economic, and environmental needs without compromising on the ability of the future generation to meet their own goals/needs† (p. 64). This therefore, requires that businesses and individuals engage in activities that do not threaten the future generations. It is the obligation of the current businesses and individuals to take a good care of the environment and social structures to enable the future generation to have quality life in meeting their own goals. Even with this, businesses and individuals are coming up with ideas/innovations that may impact either negatively or positively on the quality of life of the current and future generations (United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2012).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The relationship between sustainability and innovation is that both ensure that any new idea that is generated is of value to both the current and future generations. Innovations that defy or seem to threaten the stability of environment, social, and economic structures are therefore not permitted. Sustainability is argued to be the key driver of innovation even during economic crisis/downtown (Gobble 2012, p. 64). This is because there are many opportunities in sustainability that companies can take advantage of to make profits besides attaining success. It is true innovation that a sustainable human society is created (Jones 2002, p. 52). Companies that engage in sustainability initiatives achieve or manage to create a self-sustainable society since they appreciate and embrace new ways of doing things that add value to the life of the people. To achieve true sustainability, any company requires innovation. Without the creation of new ideas, the company or individual is unable to a ttain its/his/her goals. Studies reveal that companies that embrace sustainability achieve their goals. The secret of this achievement is because they are innovative in their activities hence having an advantage over others (Lindgren 2012, p. 53).Therefore, there is close relationship between sustainability and innovation. The two terms are very crucial in the quest to ensure environmental, social, and economic prosperity and management of the present and the future generation. Sustainability is a sign of innovation. A company is not able to achieve success in sustainability if it is not innovative. Likewise, achieving sustainability is an advantage to the company because it will rank high interns of profitability. Organisation Sustainability: A Case Company-3M United States Company The 3M United States Company is the case study for this report. This company is one of the many companies that have invested their resources to ensuring that sustainability is achieved. The company deals with an array of technological products and services. It provides services to communities and customers that have innovative ideas/ products, and services. Therefore, they help in supporting the implementation of innovative ideas from both the individuals and corporate. The company is committed to ensuring the development of sustainable environmental, progress in economy, as well as social responsibility. As part of its role in sustainability, the company is in the forefront in putting the future in front of its innovations. Therefore, it cannot support an innovation that is detrimental to the social fabric, economic, and environment (Chowdhury 2003). Customers and even companies that seek innovation must not threaten the quality of life currently and that of the future generation. 3M United States Company provides technical advice on any innovative products or services from its clients. It assesses them to determine their value or impact to the environment before its adoption. Sus tainability is also at the core of the 3M United States Company. It has managed to achieve this through the adoption of strategies that do not compromise to the social and environment of human society 3M United States Company 2012). 3M United States Company is one of the companies that have participated in the sustainability of the environment. For instance, the company managed to regulate its volatile organic air emissions. It succeeded in achieving great milestones. For instance, the company managed to reduce these emissions by 95%. In 1990, its emission was 255 million pounds compared to 13 millions in 2011. It has managed to achieve this through â€Å"the development of pollution prevention programs, solvent-less technologies, and use of pollution control equipments† (3M United States Company 2012, Para.16). The company’s efforts have also seen it contribute to the management of climate change. The company has managed to reduce green gas emissions by managing to cu t down the emission by 72% from 1990 to 2011. The company has also managed to keep the environment clean by preventing pollution. It adopted 3p strategy, pollution prevention pays, which has seen the company save around 1.5 US billion besides eliminating around 3.5 pounds of pollution (3M United States Company 2012). The company is also committed to water stewardship. It has reduced the amount of water that it uses. Besides, it releases fewer pollutants to water. This is aimed at sustaining the environment to ensure that every body in the society has a quality life. Furthermore, the company has laid down strategies geared at managing wastes. This has reduced the amount of toxins that are released to the environment. The wastes produced by the company come from unused raw materials, which are sold or reused for other duties. This has a positive impact on the economy, as well as environment (3M United States Company 2012). The company is also engaged in managing the biodiversity aroun d the globe and in their own back yards (3M United States Company 2012). They also help with funding of few methods of keeping wild animals in their own property. This has enabled sustainability of the environment. The company also collaborates with other organisations such as Nature Conservancy to protect critical species. Conclusion Sustainability and innovation are important in the success of individuals and companies. Sustainability is concerned about safeguarding or promoting the environment, social, and economic status for the benefit of the current and the future generations. Innovation is also an important concept in a business environment, as it ensures that organisations adapt to ideas that are beneficial to them. It is therefore paramount that organisations/businesses embrace sustainability to achieve their objectives. Companies cannot achieve innovation without having successfully embraced sustainability because to be innovative requires that one understands what sustain ability entails. The 3M United Sates company has successfully engaged in the sustainability of its environment through various programs that have seen it become innovative in many areas thus impacting positively to the environment, economy, and social structures. Therefore, it is imperative that companies devote their time and resources to sustainability to ensure that the whole society thrives well now in the future. References Chowdhury, S 2003, Design For Six Sigma-The Revolutionary Process for Achieving Extraordinary Profits, FT Prentice Hall, New York. Christensen, C 2003, The Innovator’s Solution-Creating and Sustaining Successful Growth, HBS Press, London. Duygu, K, Jan, C, Nelliene, M 2012, ‘Innovation process of new ventures driven by sustainability’, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 5 no. 8, pp. 89-98. Frank, B, Florian, L 2011, ‘Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of-the-art and steps towards a research agenda’, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 2 no. 5, pp. 56-64. Gobble, M 2012, ‘Innovation and Sustainability’, Research Technology Management, Vol. 55 no. 5, pp. 64-66. Jones, T 2002, Innovating At The Edge – How Organisations Evolve and Embed Innovation Capability, Butterworth, Heinemann. Lead Business Model Innovation?’, International Journal of Business Management, Vol. 7 no. 14, pp. 53-66. Lindgren, P 2012, ‘Business Model Innovation Leadership: How Do SME’s Strategically Taylor, G, Theyel, G 2010, ‘Globalisation, Innovation and Sustainability’, Journal of Corporate Citizenship, vol.1 no. 39, pp. 93-101. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2012, What is sustainability? Web. Yasamorn, N, Phapruke, U 2011, ‘Strategic collaborative capability, business growth, and organisational sustainability: Evidence from tourism businesses in Thailand’, International journal of business strategy, vol. 11 no. 3, pp 1-27. 3M U nited States Company 2012, Sustainability at 3 M, https://www.3m.com/3M/en_US/sustainability-us/ This report on Sustainability and Innovation was written and submitted by user Teagan E. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Of Mice And Men Essays (514 words) - Cinema Of The United States

Of Mice And Men Essays (514 words) - Cinema Of The United States Of Mice And Men Justin Clay Period 1 Am. Lit. Of Mice and Men The novel Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, is about two ranch hands, George and Lennie. George is a small, smart-witted man, while Lennie is a large, mentally- handicapped man. They are trying to raise enough money to buy their own ranch, by working as ranch hands. During the setting of the story, they are at a ranch whose owners name is Curley. It is in this setting that the novel reveals that the main theme is death and loss. Lennie accidentally killing all of his pets establishes that the theme of this novel is death and loss. These pets consist of mice, dogs, kittens, etc. Lennie loves to feel and pet animals, but he does not know his own strength. He kills them without really noticing what he has done, until George tells him that he did something wrong. After being scolded, Lennie is very remorseful about what he did. Once, after being yelled at Lennie says, I pinched their heads a little and then they was dead- because they were so little (13). Lennies remorse is probably more for upsetting George than it is for actually killing the animal. Another way that death and loss is evidenced by this novel is when Lennie killed Curleys wife. When Lennie is in the barn (after killing his new puppy) Curleys wife came into the barn and came on to Lennie. Lennie not knowing what was happening let her lull him into touching her hair. To Lennie it was like petting any other animal. Curleys wife became flustered when Lennie became scared and would not let go of her hair. She started to scream and Lennie tried to cup her mouth, which concluded in him killing her. Lennie was truly remorseful after this action. Soon after killing her Lennie can be heard saying to himself, I done a bad thing. I done another bad thing (121). The final confirmation of the death and loss theme occurred to George, not Lennie. After going to the place where George had told him to go if anything went wrong, Lennie lays and waits in the brush for George to come get him. What Lennie wasnt expecting was George to come with a posse of ranch hands with him. The ranch hands were not quite there, when George shot Lennie in the back of the head to save him the pain the posse would do to him. After he shot him the brush seemed filled with cries (140), which symbolizes the loss of George after shooting Lennie. This was a truly great loss for him since Lennie was his best friend. Of Mice and Men is a very sad and depressing story that contains many deaths of many living creatures. Many people had a loss from these deaths, especially George. He had to shoot his best friend. This can possibly be the greatest loss of all, because without friends, where would we be?

Law Essay

Law Essay Law Essay Writing a law essay, you should pay special attention to the format and style of your writing. Law essays are formal in style and language. Please read the following sample law essay. If you need professional essay help with writing, if you have no time to write your own essay, do not hesitate to request our professional customwriting service. We are not newcomers in essay writing industry and we have already helped thousands of students throughout the country. Our prices are moderate while our quality is unquestionable. We do not tolerate plagiarism and we pay special attention to the quality of every single custom essay delivery. Law Essay Sample An international legislature, in the sense of a body having power to enact new international law binding on the states of the world or on their peoples, does not exist. The very notion that international law requires any deliberate amendment is, indeed, quite a modern one. The international community has been content to rely for the development of its law on the slow growth of custom, and perhaps the first recognition of the need of any consciously constructive process in building up the law was the declaration by the Congress of Paris in 1814 in favour of freedom of navigation on international rivers. This declaration was not very effective, but it was important as showing that in the conference the international community had obtained a sort of rudimentary legislative organ. Little use was made of conferences for this purpose until the latter half of the nineteenth century, but after the Conference of Paris in 1856, at which a famous Declaration dealing with the laws of maritime wa rfare was agreed to, quasi-legislation by conference became fairly frequent: The movement took different forms. In part it was inspired by the humane desire to mitigate the horrors of war; examples of this are the Geneva Conventions for ameliorating the condition of the sick and wounded, the first in 1864, and most of the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. It took another form in the foundation of the international administrative system which is referred to in the next section. Lastly, conferences have often been used for the settlement of special political questions by action which is really legislative in character, although it generally preserves the forms of mere mediation between supposedly sovereign states. Instances are, the Conference of London which established the independence of Belgium in 1831; the Conference of London which established that of Luxembourg in 1867; the Congress of Berlin, 1878, which dealt with the affairs of Turkey and the Balkan States; the Conference of Algeciras which dealt with Morocco in 1906. On these and other occasions st ates, or more often the Great Powers, have asserted a right to decide, by their collective action, questions in which they all felt themselves to be interested, without much regard to the alleged rules of international law concerning intervention, which are based upon a theory of the independence of every sovereign state which is liable to be disregarded in an international crisis. There is no doubt that the conference used in this way has frequently been the means of preventing wars. Law Essay Writing Service Undoubtedly, good essay cannot be written in a couple of hours unless you are a professional writer. When you use our custom essay service, you get a perfectly written paper, essay written especially for you according to the requirements. All essays are carefully checked for plagiarism. We guarantee free and unlimited revisions. Read also: Need Help Writing a Paper Long Term Paper 10 Pages Islamic Religion Term Paper High School Term Paper Free Term Paper

Discuss what you believe to be the purpose(s) of education today Essay - 2

Discuss what you believe to be the purpose(s) of education today - Essay Example This is actually an experience that brings formative effects on the manner in which an individual thinks and feels or whose acts may be taken to be educational. The research examines the significance that education often holds for an individual and society in the modern times.  The educational process is very long, often being divided into stages that one has to undertake progressively; these stages include, the preschool, which is at the initial level, primary and then secondary, then later tertiary education which comprises of college and university as well as apprenticeship. The science that describes the bets and effective ways to teach is referred to as pedagogy. Because of the perceived importance of education, education has been ratified as an important human right, with governments enacting various legislations and means to ensuring that their citizens access quality education effectively. This has seen the introduction of free elementary education in some countries and even up to tertiary levels in others, all in a bid to ensure that the nation is effectively educated in order to influence social and economic development in the country Newman, the Catholic poet explains that in the learning process, especially at the higher level, the university, learners get the essence of learning. He says, â€Å"†¦The university is a society in which the student absorbs the graces and accomplishments of a higher form of life† (Newman para 2). It is believed that long before any formalized research existed; state constitution and all forms of legislative requirements, philosophers of the ancient times had already shown great regard to the purpose of education and the process of schooling in general (Newman para 6). They seemed to encourage people to think and identify the true meaning of life, and training their children on this path in order to become responsible

Loyal Nine or The Sons of Liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Loyal Nine or The Sons of Liberty - Essay Example 1765:-The beginning of our activities first unfolded by the group hanging an effigy of Andrew Oliver on a tree along Newbury Street. Oliver was the one who was to commission the stamps for Massachusetts. Alongside the effigy, there were large boots with a kind of a devil picture hanging out of it. The whole idea of the group was to show that public that Oliver was deeply associated with the Stamp Act. The outcome of this act was disastrous to Oliver and everything that belonged to him. 1766:-It was an open secret that the group ruled the entire Boston by end 1766...all the Sheriffs kept it low. We had a common purpose, that was to force all the Stamp Distributors to Resign. All the Merchants who declined to cooperate with our idea to â€Å"Non-Importation Act† had pressure applied to them to do so or face our wrath. It was a great success. 1768:-Lucky enough a good number of our members were printers and publishers. This made it easy for us to employ what we simply call â€Å"newsprint propaganda† especially in 1768. Where our achievement and activities were made known to all readers. By the time the Stamp Congress had concluded their business we had developed into a very large organization and it was not easy to just brush us off like a simple militia group. 1770:-We had succeeded in attacking most symbols of the British Authority like the Custom's officers, Gentry, and Companies. During this active Decade of operation, we made sure that all the Stamp Officers in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New York and New Jersey underwent a lot of intimidation and had either resigned or if they persist they would be seized and burned. 1775:-We had a well-organized group at this time. All the way we operated with great confidence and Loyalty to our officials with high hopes that parliament would yield to the pressure and repeal the tax.  

Ergonomical Assessment Of A Workplace Essay Example for Free

Ergonomical Assessment Of A Workplace Essay Posture and muscular activity is an inevitable process of work that can never be avoided in several jobs today. As a packaging agent [someone who assists in a packaging center for parcel or air delivery], a person is intended to face several challenges on how an individual’s workplace be worthwhile so as not to get stressed physically and mentally at once when that particular individual is already at work. This is where the role of ergonomical assessment comes in the picture. What is ergonomical assessment? Primarily, this workplace assessment depends on the ways by which the arrangement is considered by the employers. This assessment actually focuses on the ways by which the physical activities of the employees are relatively considered when the employers themselves are planning the work areas. The idea is that the work areas should equally be comfortable enough to prolong the fine performance of their employees at work. Through the concern of the employers as to how their workers are using their physical strength to complete the tasks that they are supposed to attend to, the profit and the capability of the entire business company in assisting their clients with their demands would be much easier to attain on the part of the employees at work. In this paper, the work area of a packaging center in the Army Post Office or the APO in the postal clerk (PC) area. The description of the area as well as the type of work done within the area shall be discussed within the paragraphs that follow. Through the use of the WISHA guidelines, the said branch of army operations shall be observed and evaluated as to how much work-efficient the work area of the said branch is to its employees. The Work and the Area The nature of the work is rather demanding in terms of physical patience whereas the employees are expected to have constant track of their task while they discipline their bodies in dealing with the stresses that the work itself brings them. The work begins when the PC receives the package from the customer, weighs it, places postage on it, and then moves the package to a receiving window. There is only 1 shift which lasts 10 hours with a 1-hour lunch break. The packages range from 1 pound to a max weight of 80 pounds. On average, a single PC will handle 120 packages a shift 6 days a week. This does not include letter mail. The average package weight is 35 pounds. The PC is required to stand all shift except for breaks on a wooden floor with no mats. The package weighing counter is made of wood and is 24 inches tall x 30 inches wide x 24 inches deep. The computer for postage input sits on the same counter at a height of 38 inches. The packages once weighed have to be lifted and moved across a distance of 65 inches directly behind the PC. The packages are placed in a cutout window that sits 32 inches off the ground and is 30 inches tall x 30 inches wide. From the overview of both the he job and the work area where the job is performed, it could be noted that the tasks actually involve massive muscular stress. This is simply because of the fact that the employees are required to stand for long hours, not to mention that fact that they need to deal with several weights of packages and are then supposed to work with a not-so conducive work-area. According to the WISHA guidelines, there are several repetitive activities that endangers the muscular system of a particular worker, especially with the fact that the said activities are done in long hours. As noted above, the employees are expected to report to work in ten hours with just one hour of lunch break. According to the description, the package receiving area is composed of facilities whereas the employees would need to bend down and work their ways to finish the task that they are supposed to complete. The area is less conducive in assisting the employees in fixing the packages in a more comfortable posture as the description points out that the Package Receivers need to carry or lift the package from the receiving area to the weighing area. The employees need to bend down and kneel down to fix the packages for departure for at least 120 times within the ten hour shift that they are supposed to complete; WISHA guidelines actually consider this fact dangerous on the part of the employees performing the task. According to the guidelines, lifting more than 25 pounds above the shoulders below the knees at arm’s length must be done in a maximum of 25 times per day (WISHA Checklist). However, in the case of the employees in the packaging area, they are doing this particular task in almost 120 times per day. This is seriously hazardous on the muscular activities of their body as well as with their backbone resistance to stress. Aside from this, the act of repetitively raising the hands above the head or the elbow above the shoulders more than once per minute is also a hazardous on the part of the employees (WISHA checklist). As for the case of the work nature noted in this paper, this is particularly something that needs to given constant attention by the management of the APO as observed herein. As the description points out that the employees are working at least 5 hours straight at the most then takes a break and then another 5 hours of work shall indeed bring stress on the physical body of the employees. It should also be noted that the job places the employees in a situation with which they are supposed to stay in an area that is uncarpeted where they are supposed to stand for long hours. The pressure of the weight of the body and the weight of the packages that they carry back and forth the area would bring much stressing weight on their feet. For this reason, not only the muscular areas on the upper body of the employees are strongly affected by the job, it also affects the lower muscular area of the employees which includes the feet. Not only does the job-tasks bring pressure to the back bone of the employees, but it also leaves a high level of pressure on the leg and feet area of the said individuals. For this reason, it is highly recommended that the office be fixed, rearranged in a way that the lifting of the packages be minimized through putting the receiving area and the weighing area much closer to each other. Additional fixing tables could be placed nearby where all the needed materials for packaging and providing receipts to the clients would be of better breach by the employee could be further implemented.  This would not only increase the performance level of the employees, it would also regulate the time spent by the employees in finishing their jobs thus giving them the chance in serving more clients within the 10 hour shift that they are to complete everyday. Conclusion From the assessment presented herein, it could be noted that most of the parts of the office that has been observed [packaging office of APO] has so much hazardous areas for the employees of the business.  This is the reason why the management of the said establishment is suggested to have a consideration on how the areas of the office best serve the employees and the clients as well. Making the area more conducive for the type of work that is performed in the office would not only increase the performance complexities of the employees but it will also increase the satisfaction of the clients with the services that they are supposed to receive from the establishment and the employees working for them.

Transformation in Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now Essay -- Movie

Transformation in Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since Francis Ford Coppola’s   Apocalypse Now was based on Joseph Conrad's novel, Heart of Darkness, it is possible to draw many parallels between the two works. Both can be interpreted as metaphors for a journey through the inner self, and each has its own particular message to convey. In many ways they also appear to have similarities to Arthurian Legend, in particular the quest for the holy grail, and other allegorical journey narratives. The sum of the experiences of the protagonists, Marlow in Heart of Darkness and Willard in Apocalypse Now, reveal to them how the horrors and effects of war or conquest, can lead some people to madness, while other persons may discover the light and find absolute truth.    Traveling on a river is often used as a symbol for a journey of self-discovery in numerous literary works. For example, in works such as Dante's Inferno and Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, the protagonists journey down the River Styx, and the Mississippi, respectively;   encounter many challenges which provide them with opportunities to reach an understanding of themselves. In Heart of Darkness Marlow accepts his quest to journey up the long and dangerous Congo River to transport ivory from Kurtz's Inner Station back to the Outer Station. In Apocalypse Now Benjamin Willard who began as a special military recruit is sent on a mission up the Nung River to "exterminate with extreme prejudice, (Apocalypse Now)" Kurtz. In each work the protagonists witness and endure unspeakable hostilities along their journeys and in order to survive and accomplish their ultimate goals, both push themselves beyond their physical, spiritual, and mental limits to the point o... ...ard takes the role of a father and leads a young military away from the jungle, and Marlow returns to the pristine waters of the ocean.    Works Cited    Conrad, Joseph. Apocalypse Now. New York: Norton and Company, Inc. ,1988.  Ã‚      Heart of Darkness. Dir. Francis Ford Coppola. with Marlon Brandon, Robert Duvall, and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Martin Sheen. Paramount, 2000.    Topic: Heart of Darkness vs Apocalypse Now. http://grassroots.mediacentre.com/csdsescalb1/unit5/heart_vs_apocalypse.htm. (19 May 2002).    Baxter, Gisà ¨le. "Notes on Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness." The G.M. Baxter Page.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   28 October, 1999. http://www.interchange.ubc.ca/gmb/conrad.html. (20 May 2002).    Krall, Aaron, Aimee Lanoue, and Matthew Pavesich. What is the Heart of Darkness? http://www.stfrancis.edu/en/student/kurtzweb/darkness.htm. (19 May 2002).   

Does Democracy Ensure Freedom Essay

Does democracy ensure freedom? I believe democracy can ensure freedom, but not always, thus my answer is maybe. For democracy is a form of government that rely on a system of law in which individuals are treated equally while having fair access to the legislative process through electing official who will act in their constituent’s interest and voice their concern. Through proper protection with legislation, individual’s freedom can be ensured. Yet the nature of democracy favour majority thus it is possible for politician to cater to the mass to secure vote and have access to the seats of power. Democracy is unable to act if the votes are tied, such flaw can leads to politician abuse their power tilting the result either way to further his own goal. If elected official no longer voice the population yet game the system by continue to appease the majority, minority right and freedom can not be ensured. Government ultimately objective is to govern the people for the betterment of people, thus democracy reflects the need for it is form of government allowing people’s voice being heard through the elected officials. Each voter’s vote count and the majority trumps. Elected official then go on legislate laws that regulation that resolves the population’s concern. Such fair access to the legislative process and equality before law ensure the population to be protected, the law are made by them and for them, protecting their freedom and rights. But democracy also follow majorities rule. It is possible for 49% of population to lose out simply because of the 2% difference. Yet if rights are cemented fully protected via charters, even minorities can escape such tyranny. Unfortunately, elected officials can not always complete reflect the desire of the entire population. They are at best incomplete projection if not catering to special interest or simply the mass for the system favours the majorities, and once tied vote occurs. The decision will lie solely on those in power. For few individuals to be able make decision that influence a nation, such power can be attractive if not lucrative, for there is motive and it is not hard to imagine such corruption taking place. Once a politician is no longer serveing the voter but himself, without proper check and balance for the government to self correct such mistake. It is to picture minorities right and freedom being sacrificed for the corrupted official to stay in power. The key all hinges on the soundness of said country’s legal system, if a government official have the power to alter laws, taking away rights and freedom as he pleases. The freedom can not be ensured. Yet, with a proper procedural fair legislative system, the inbuilt checks and balance will stop said corrupted official overstepping his position. The electoral system will kick in which official will be replaced if they do not deliver what is expected off them. With a solid charter of rights, even minority’s innate rights and freedom can be protected against majorities for the inalienable rights protect each of us and allow us to maintain the dignity we all possess. Freedom is the concept that verges upon the condition in which individual live their life accord to their free will. For they make their own choices without facing disabling condition nor the pressure of simply fulfilling the basic necessities of life. We choose how we present ourselves to the world and how we communicate our idea and thoughts. We decide on how to live our life, from our goal to our means of achieving said goals. Yet these seemly innate right are in fact fragile and vulnerable. The nature of government impose rules and regulation with our daily life. Our freedom is merely conditional, for we can only exercise our right and freedom to a certain extent. As matter of fact, our right and freedom can be taken away by the same law that protect our rights and freedom. But that is the truth of reality, freedom without bound is impossible. The physicality of reality impose restriction, scarcity of recourse and mortality of men. Civilization dictates rules from punishment of crimes to shame and guilt through morality. Thus government, a form of rule, can not truly ensure freedom for its conditional and with limits. Men has long realize such limitation, yet we still yearns for such notion for we are driven by our free will and we seek create such system for we are protected from not just each others but ourselves’ own infringement of rights and freedom. Democracy is still our best attempt at this unrealistic dream, the approach is simple, for a system of law made by people for people. We strive to effectively govern ourselves and keep our right and freedom. It is understandable to treat the question â€Å"does democracy ensures freedom ? † in an bifurcate manner. It is easy to state the fact that democracy is simply mob rules thus two wolves can vote having the sheep for dinner against the one lone sheep’s objection. Yet it seems silly to categorize a whole country’s population into a predator/prey relationship, not to mention having a sound legal system in which inalienable rights of human beings are guaranteed can indeed prevent the two wolves ganging up on the sheep, minorities can still be sufficiently protected by law if the charter of rights allows. Further more, freedom can only be secure via proper system of law that protect human right and freedom, types of government should not be the deciding matter for ensuring freedom. As the above paragraphs have shown, democracy either ensure nor deny freedom, while there is no true freedom under any form of government for by definition of government, restriction and restraints are naturely imposed upon individuals. I still consider limited conditional freedom preferable to none for my inalienable right are protected even against the tyranny of majorities for this rights are inalienable. While democracy can allow favour toward the majorities and official in position of power, with proper checks and power established within the government, such issue can be self corrected. But without the legal safenet, minorities can easily been swapped up by politician’s agenda and sacrificed to the tyranny of majorities. As a partying thought, if no form of government can achieve true freedom, what is the future of democracy with our society?

The Hexadecimal Company

The Hexadecimal Company I. Problems A. Macro 1. Company resistance to change. 2. â€Å"Us† versus â€Å"them† view of practitioners forms company’s viewpoint. B. Micro 1. Professor/external practitioner ended too soon; did not provide direction or continuity. 2. â€Å"In-group† image perpetuated by OD group. 3. President too involved in details at beginning. 4. â€Å"Internal† consulting group was mostly outsiders and not accepted by the company at large. 5. OD group had little familiarity with nature of firm (except maybe George Kessler). 6.OD program too ostentatious and too costly for company. 7. Lack of unity in purpose and techniques within OD group. 8. Kay and Indar’s isolation from others and closeness to president had negative effects in OD group. 9. Budgeting not clarified at beginning. 10. Evaluation late – 1 year later and then almost a do or die evaluation. II. Causes 1. Group too cohesive and creates images of â€Å"in-gr oup. † 2. â€Å"Fancy† atmosphere perpetrated. 3. President too involved at first. 4. Company not prepared for OD and its needs and purposes. . OD groups consisted almost entirely of outsiders. III. Systems affected 1. Structural – changing whom the OD group reports to will only confuse purpose and goals; Blake is not prepared. 2. Psychosocial – the OD group has caused at least as much antagonism as it has good results. 3. Technical – no reference to OD group’s effectiveness. 4. Managerial – too top-down thus far. 5. Goals and values – No indication that the company including top management (other than the OD group) knew or bought-in to the OD program.It was just a management training program. IV. Alternatives 1. Keep as is. 2. Put under Blake. 3. Have professor help organize and budget for OD. V. Recommendations Alternative three with central contact person and clear budget. If size of Hexadecimal allows, make OD a separate dep artment with its own vice president. Keep reporting to president but keep him personally removed from specific decisions. Also, make reports to the executive committee and gain their support. Bring several line employees into OD.

Free Essays on Kizers Widow In Wintertime

Modern poetry midterm The poem I chose was Carolyn Kizer’s â€Å"Widow in Wintertime† seeing as it was the only one I even mildly understood. But for the poor reader who has to read this I am sorry if I totally miss the point that was expressed by the author. This is only my limited view on the piece. Though I did like this piece the most out of the other works there was something raw about the writing style. Something that was not expected from the first few lines. â€Å"Last night a baby gargled in the throes of a fatal spasm. My children are all grown past infant strangles; so, reassured, I knew some other baby perished in the snow. But no. The cat was making love again†. The first five lines talk about a child dying and the persona knowing that it is not her child for they had all grown up. So the persona thought that someone else’s baby was dying in the snow. â€Å"But no. The cat was making love again.† â€Å"Later, I went down and let her in. She hung her tail, flagging from her sins. Though she’d eaten, I forked out another dinner, being myself hungry all ways, and thin from metaphysic famines she knows nothing of†. The second stanza speaks of the cat proudly â€Å"flagging† her tail, but this is where the persona combines the literal world with the world in her mind. The persona feeds the cat hoping to feed the metaphysic hunger inside of her even though the cat has already eaten. â€Å"The freckles beast! Even so, resemblances were on my mind: female and feline, though she preens herself from satisfaction, and does not mind lying even in the snow. She is lofty and bedraggled, without need to choose.† The third stanza starts off with the persona comparing herself to the cat â€Å"female and feline† and from this point on I think that the cat and herself are in fact different aspect of the persona. She is projecting onto this cat things, that she may have don in her youth. Possibly projecting her youthful self o... Free Essays on Kizer's Widow In Wintertime Free Essays on Kizer's Widow In Wintertime Modern poetry midterm The poem I chose was Carolyn Kizer’s â€Å"Widow in Wintertime† seeing as it was the only one I even mildly understood. But for the poor reader who has to read this I am sorry if I totally miss the point that was expressed by the author. This is only my limited view on the piece. Though I did like this piece the most out of the other works there was something raw about the writing style. Something that was not expected from the first few lines. â€Å"Last night a baby gargled in the throes of a fatal spasm. My children are all grown past infant strangles; so, reassured, I knew some other baby perished in the snow. But no. The cat was making love again†. The first five lines talk about a child dying and the persona knowing that it is not her child for they had all grown up. So the persona thought that someone else’s baby was dying in the snow. â€Å"But no. The cat was making love again.† â€Å"Later, I went down and let her in. She hung her tail, flagging from her sins. Though she’d eaten, I forked out another dinner, being myself hungry all ways, and thin from metaphysic famines she knows nothing of†. The second stanza speaks of the cat proudly â€Å"flagging† her tail, but this is where the persona combines the literal world with the world in her mind. The persona feeds the cat hoping to feed the metaphysic hunger inside of her even though the cat has already eaten. â€Å"The freckles beast! Even so, resemblances were on my mind: female and feline, though she preens herself from satisfaction, and does not mind lying even in the snow. She is lofty and bedraggled, without need to choose.† The third stanza starts off with the persona comparing herself to the cat â€Å"female and feline† and from this point on I think that the cat and herself are in fact different aspect of the persona. She is projecting onto this cat things, that she may have don in her youth. Possibly projecting her youthful self o...

Differences Between Broadsheet and Tabloid Newspapers

Differences Between Broadsheet and Tabloid Newspapers In the world of print journalism, the two main formats for newspapers are broadsheet and tabloid. Strictly speaking, these terms refer to the page sizes of such papers, but the different formats have distinct histories and associations. Discussing the differences between broadsheets and tabloids provides an interesting journalistic journey. History of Broadsheets and Tabloids Broadsheet newspapers first appeared in 18th-century Britain after the government began to tax newspapers based on their number of pages. That made large-format papers with fewer pages cheaper to print than smaller ones with more pages, writes Kath Bates on Oxford Open Learning. She adds: As few people could read to the standard required of those early broadsheet editions, they soon became associated with the aristocracy and more well-to-do businessmen. Even today, broadsheet papers tend to be linked with a higher-minded approach to news-gathering and delivery, with readers of such papers opting for in-depth articles and editorials. Tabloid newspapers, perhaps due to their smaller size, are often associated with shorter, crisper stories. Tabloids date to the early 1900s when they were referred to as small newspapers containing condensed stories easily consumed by everyday readers. Tabloid readers traditionally came from the lower working classes, but that has changed somewhat in the past few decades. The New York Daily News, the most widely circulated tabloid in the United States, for example, had won 11 ​Pulitzer Prizes, journalisms highest honor, as of June 2018. Even with the blurring of clear distinctions between the economic and social classes of their readership, however, advertisers continue to target different markets when buying space in broadsheets and tabloids. What Are Tabloids? In the technical sense, tabloid refers to a newspaper that typically measures 11 by 17 inches- smaller than a broadsheet- and is usually no more than five columns across. Many city dwellers prefer tabloids because they are easier to carry and read on the subway or bus. One of the first tabloids in the U.S. was The New York Sun, started in 1833. It cost only a penny and was easy to carry, and its crime reporting and illustrations proved popular with working-class readers. Tabloids still tend to be more irreverent in their writing style than their broadsheet brothers. In a crime story, a broadsheet will refer to a police officer, while a tabloid will use the term cop. And while a broadsheet might spend dozens of column inches on serious news- say, a major bill in Congress- a tabloid is more likely to zero in on a sensational crime story or celebrity gossip. The word tabloid has come to be associated with supermarket checkout aisle papers, such as the National Enquirer, that focus on splashy, lurid stories about celebrities, but tabloids such as the Daily News, the Chicago Sun-Times, and the Boston Herald focus on serious, hard-hitting journalism. In Britain, tabloid papers- also known as red tops for their front-page banners- tend to be racier and more sensational than their American counterparts. The type of unscrupulous reporting methods employed by some tabs led to the ​phone-hacking scandal and closing of the News of the World, one of Britains biggest tabs, and resulted in calls for greater regulation of the British press. What Are Broadsheets? Broadsheet refers to the most common newspaper format, which is typically around 15 inches wide to 20 or more inches long in the U.S., though sizes vary around the world. Broadsheet papers tend to feature six columns and employ a traditional approach to newsgathering  that emphasizes in-depth coverage and a sober writing tone in articles and editorials aimed at fairly affluent, educated readers. Many of the nations most respected,  influential newspapers- The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The Wall Street Journal, for example- are broadsheet papers. In recent years many broadsheets have been reduced in size to cut printing costs. For instance, The New York Times was narrowed by 1 1/2 inches in 2008. Other broadsheet papers, including USA Today, The Los Angeles Times, and The Washington Post, also have been trimmed. Broadsheets and Tabloids Today Newspapers, whether broadsheets or tabloids, are experiencing difficult times these days. Readership has slipped for all newspapers as many readers have turned to the Internet for up-to-the-minute news from a variety of online sources, often for free. For example, AOL, an Internet portal, offers online news ranging from mass shootings and Supreme Court decisions to sports and weather, all at no charge. CNN, the Cable News Network, is known mostly for on-air coverage of domestic and international issues, but it also has a well-established website that provides free articles and video clips of major domestic and foreign news. Its difficult for broadsheets and tabloids to compete with organizations providing such wide-ranging, cost-free coverage, especially when papers have traditionally charged readers for access to their news and information stories. Between 2000 and 2015, annual advertising revenue at all U.S. newspapers, both tabloids, and broadsheets, tumbled from $60 billion to $20 billion, according to The Atlantic. A Pew Research Center study noted that circulation for all U.S. newspapers has fallen annually for the past three decades, including an 8% decline between 2015 and 2016. The Pew Center study did note that The New York Times added more than 500,000 online subscriptions in 2016, a nearly 50 percent jump from the previous year. In that same period, The Wall Street Journal gained more than 150,000 digital subscriptions, a 23 percent rise. Internet Forces Changes The online versions of these broadsheets, however, are more tabloid-like in format; they have flashier headlines, attention-grabbing color, and more graphics than the print editions. The New York Times online edition is four columns wide, similar to a tabloid format, though the second column tends to be wider than the other three. The main headline for The Times online edition of June 20, 2018, was: Trump Retreats After Border Outcry, which was splashed in flashy italic type above a main story and several sidebars about the public debate over a U.S. policy that separated parents seeking to enter the country from their children. The print edition for the same day- which, of course, was one news cycle behind the online edition- featured a much more sedate headline for its main story: GOP Moves to End Trumps Family Separation Policy, but Cant Agree How. As readers gravitate toward briefer stories and instant access to news via the Internet, more broadsheets may begin to adopt tabloid formats online. The push seems to be to capture readers attention with tabloid techniques instead of relying on a more in-depth, broadsheet-like, serious tone.

Smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Smoking - Essay Example This paper describes three major facts associated with smoking in order to persuade smokers to get rid of their smoking habit. Amina Khan in her article, â€Å"Joe Paterno has lung cancer: What are the risks?†, published in Los Angeles Times on November 18, 2011, says the reasons for the lung cvancer caused to former Penn State football coach Joe Paterno. Joe Paterno has been diagnosed with a treatable form of lung cancer recently. She has pointed out that Paterno has never been known as a smoker. In her opinion, â€Å"The most common risk factor for lung cancer is a history of smoking -- even if a patient quit decades earlier. Its not uncommon for patients to quit and think theyre no longer at risk† (Khan). Brizer (2003) has also mentioned the association of cancer with smoking. â€Å"German researchers proved the association of cancer with smoking† (Brizer, p.21). Even though smoking can cause different types of physical diseases such as heart attacks, cancers, cough etc, Lung cancer seems to be the most dangerous disease associated with smoking. It is estimated that tobacco contains more than 4,000 chemicals which may cause different types of diseases to the smoker and the secondary smoke breathers. Ammonia, arsenic, carbon monoxide, and benzene are some of the toxic ingredients in cigarette smoke. Out of these 4000 chemicals, 43 can cause cancer disease. In fact 86% of all deaths caused by smoking is due to lung cancer (Smoking Cessation). Seventy-seven percent (482) had a smoking history while 11.3% (71) were current smokers. The length of smoking cessation to cancer diagnosis was

Gis project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gis project management - Essay Example In other words, successful leaders have passion for leadership. Similarly, project managers ought to have an internal personal drive that inspires and motivates their job performance. It is also noted that leadership is an ongoing and challenging practice. Notably, GIS project management is not short of the same observation. GIS project managers handle multiple tasks, manage team members, interact with clients, and encounter end-users from time to time. All these duties and responsibilities translate to management and leadership challenges evident in GIS projects. Finally yet importantly, Jane Harman’s advice maintains that hard work and failure are key components of the leadership puzzle. This advice relates to GIS project management in the sense that managers will ultimately strive to achieve their project goals. On the same note, not every project translates to automatic success. In this respect, failures should be viewed as learning curves for improved future outcomes. The idea is to promote leadership and management in equal measure as far as project management is

Postmaster Brown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Postmaster Brown - Essay Example However, the public did not send much airmail because it was expensive, and neither the Post Office nor the airmail carriers made money" (Freeman, 2003). Improvements made by postmaster Brown were radical. He had convened the conference "to get airline operators to agree to a consolidation of the various airmail routes into three or four coast to coast networks operated by the best equipped and most financially stable companies" (ecommcode2.com, 1999). It was United Airlines that kept the northern airmail routes; Transcontinental and Western Airlines (TWA) operated in the middle of the US; and American Airways flew across the southern part. Additionally Brown stripped all the benefits for air mail transportation and created incentives for passenger flights. Unfortunately, Brown fall into political disfavor when the new democratic president Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected. In 1993 charges were made against the postmaster fro collusion, illegal administration and unfair mail awards. Small aviation companies, which were pushed out of the business complained along with Senator Hugo Black who investigated the air mail case, were accusing Brown for improper use of power he gained. The conclusion was Brown has made it so, that air mail business has gone completely to friends of the Hoover administration. Nevertheless, they could not charge Brown for incompetence or unsuccessful policy.

Open field agriculture in England

Open field agriculture in England The open field system was a prevalent agricultural system in much of Europe from the middle ages; in some places it was still present up until the 20th century. For example in Herefordshire the last open fields were removed in the 20th century. This form of settlement can also be known as champion land. Each villager was allocated strips usually at a village meeting each year. Their holdings were scattered. However contrary to popular belief not all areas in England had open field farming in the medieval period. For example in Essex and Kent they retained pre Roman system of small square enclosed fields. Lincolnshire was a typical area of open field agriculture. However, much of pre roman Britain was an open field system. There is much division and debate on when the open field system originated. This can be argued that it is down to insufficient distinction being made between a three strip system, a three field system and an open field system.  [1]  H.L.Grays work in English field systems can be seen as a starting point in 1915. However it has now been realised that open field systems are much more complex than he first thought. He focused on the variety of open field systems. Later came Orwins view, in the open fields of 1938, they had a practical approach which was seen to be influential but they assumed that the open field system was fully running from the start which has been proven to be wrong. Then in 1964 came Joan thirsk new view, distinguishing between open fields and common fields and arguing that it developed slowly, maturing in the 13th century. In 1973 historical geographers Baker and Butlin did a number of regional studies which emphasised the variety, and stressed that they evolved . It concluded that the midland field system was more adaptable to change than was once believed.  [2]  This belief that they evolved is accepted but now earlier chronology is now preferred. Then in 1983 in the agricultural history review it drew attention to how they seemed to be planned. This was also argued in 1982 David Hall medieval fields for the 8th and 9th origin subdivided fields laid out in a deliberate act of planning. The original plan was drastically modified over time.  [3]  However this can be disputed R. A. Dodgshon argues that they were not consciously designed, but that they were makeshift and response to a diversity of influences. Opinion has therefore changed and evolved over time but is also still divided. Land was divided into what was known as planned countryside (champion) and ancient countryside (woodland). Thomas Harrison said it is so that soile being divided into champion ground and woodland  [4]  . In the champion everybody lives in uniformly built towns, it is a nucleated village, whereas woodland villages people are scattered. In the champion was where the open fields were, open fields are where there are no hedges or fixed physical boundaries, possibly on the edge but not internally, it has strips. The land is the champion is divided into lots of strips, each individual gets around 30 strips. They are scattered throughout the territory of the parish muddled with everybody elses. However it is in a regular order, as would be their houses in the streets also. Between 1220 and 1240 documents show that wherever Thomas de Hampton had strips then Henry de Kaam was his neighbour.  [5]  The strips of land also known as selions are then grouped into bundles called furlongs, t hese are then grouped into fields. Each village has two or three fields. Each year one of the fields was allowed to remain fallow. They were instead grazed with livestock, they became communal. Therefore it was communal on one hand but on the other individualistic, you got to keep what you grew. The strips could not be bundled into one group because if they were all in one place they may all be fallow for one year. In the late medieval periods they gradually disappear. It is often seen as hard to define when the open field system of agriculture first developed. There are many debates among historians for the origins of the open field system for example in a recent article on the common fields Dr Thirsk attacked the orthodox view of Gray Orwin on the subject. Dr Thirsk defined the classical common field system as being made up of four essential elements.  [6]  At first arable and meadow were divided into strips, then arable and meadow were open for common pasturing, then common rights over waste, then finally this was regulated by a group of people. This definition is quite unobjectionable, though it could be argued that its third element common rights over waste is not strictly essential to it.  [7]  In the journal it is argued that the open field system as it is normally understood did not come into being until the later Middle Ages. It argues that if dr thirsk succeeds in showing that the evidence for the existence of the open field syst em in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries is far from being conclusive or satisfactory.  [8]   Open field agriculture took many forms. Therefore it is hard to pin point when the origin was. The different factors which go to make up the various types of open field systems go some way towards explain the origins of such systems.  [9]  However this is then disputed by archaeologists who are concerned with the physical remains of the past e.g. ridge and furrow. The historians and historical geographers have a different view on the definition of open field systems compared to that of the archaeologists. Historians base their definitions on the systems, and social aspects. Not just merely the remains. This therefore leads to problems in dating when open fields originated. it is extremely difficult to discover the origins of almost any aspect of human behaviour, for until it is relatively common place it is usually difficult to detect archaeologically.  [10]  Also there is the problem that over the years there are changes that disrupt the land. Thus the physical manifestation s of open fields which archaeologists have to deal with are the result of the pattern imposed by the most recent cultivation, not the first.  [11]  Therefore when studying open field systems archaeologists look at the ridge and furrow and accept it to be medieval. It has however become clear from recent work they there was never just one type of open field system. Even by the thirteenth century, there was not one type of open field system but many.  [12]  There is often a pessimistic approach to the origins of open fields. The evidence that remains to help us discover the origins of the open field system includes ridge and furrow. A heavy plough, capable of turning over sod would cut the furrow and a mold board turns the soil sideways, pulled by 6 to 8 ox. We know this from domesday. This would gradually mound the soil up in the middle of the strip. The strips were not straight but always shaped as an s but backwards. This is because of the turning room the plough needed and the fact that most were right handed. We can date ridge and furrow from any time after the introduction of the heavy plough and not necessarily medieval. By the 11th century it was in use in most of England. It is important to remember that there was never one open field system over Britain that was identical and used. It also changed over the years. It developed over time. Why it grew is important. There needed to be a solution to the problem of farming with certain soils, animals, climate, topography, crops, markets, transportation and so forth. At any one moment there were open field villages in various stages of evolution.  [13]  Hard to define what an open field system was. It was different in different areas so can seen to be started at different times. Consequently, the second complex phenomenon behind the label is the lack of agreement of what is to be understood by an open field system, as different authors disagree to some extent on what constitutes the salient interlocking features of the system.  [14]   There are many broad outlines to what an open field system was and when it developed over the country making it difficult to summarise when it evolved. There is also lots of literature on this topic which is diverse. One of the earliest pieces of evidence of the early open field system comes from a law from King Ine of Wessex. If ceorls have a common meadow or other share land to enclose, and some have enclosed their share while other have not.  [15]  This was issued between 668 and 694. It gives evidence to the early existence of open fields. However it doesnt give elements of the whole system. It does not mention strips, cropping rules, common grazing or regulations. We cannot however assume that all land even within the same community was treated the same. All of the elements therefore may not have originated at once but could have been gradual. Then in 966 a charter refers to arable share land. it is very likely that the exploitation of the agricultural resources of midland E ngland was well established by the tenth century, although it is equally likely that the complex open filed system did not reach its full maturity before the twelfth.  [16]  There are now lots of evidence to suggest that the introduction of the open field system was a long term process. When looking at maps of open field systems you can see that each system is logically adapted to the geography of its parish. Also different systems co existed side by side in the same geographical area. The open field system originated because it was sufficient at feeding the population. Local landowners would rent land to farmers known as tenants, they would grow enough to survive and any left would be sold to market. Ridge and furrow advantages include drainage especially on heavy clay soils where the water wont drain easily. However you do not want to plough light soils such as chalk. Also there is the creased table cloth theory. Possible resistance to soil erosion and it creates more surface area so there is more land to grow crops on. For many centuries it met the countrys need for food, it also let villagers have a say as it made decision by vote, and people were working together, there was also the common land so a sense of community. It went hand in hand with the development of villages clustered around a nucleus of church and manor house. This created a sense of community, they worked communally, and open field agriculture is an example of this. In some villages, villagers owned a team of oxen so ploughed the strips in sequence. However in some ways it can also be seen as individualistic. It gradually spread over England, but it can never be said that it completely took over. The most common open field system was where a village had 3 bigs fields with the village located in the centre, each field could be miles across and each villagers would have strips of land in each field so that each would have a share of good and bad land.

Double Jeopardy Summary :: essays research papers

In the movie, Double Jeopardy, Libby Parsons, played by Ashley Judd, and her husband Nick, Bruce Greenwood, go out on a weekend sailboat trip. During the night, Libby wakes up finding herself alone and covered in blood. As she gets up to search for her husband, all she finds is more blood all over the boat and a bloody knife on deck. As the investigation is underway, Libby is charged with her husband’s murder. It is found that Nick and she had two million dollar life insurance policies. This is used as a motive and Libby is convicted of his murder. As Libby serves her time in prison, she entrusts her friend, Angela, Annabeth Gish, with her son. Over some time, Libby finds out through a phone call to Angela and Matty, Benjamin Weir, that Nick had staged his own death and was still alive. After serving six years in prison, she is released on parole. She violates her parole and through her own investigation finds out that Angela is dead and that her husband lives in New Orleans under a new identity. By skipping town, her correctional officer Travis Lehman, played by Tommy Lee Jones, is on her trail. He finds out what she is after and teams up with the local police to track her down. Once in New Orleans, Parsons finds the new Jonathan Deberaux and lets him know that she found him. She tells him that all she wants is her son and he agrees. He sets her up, however, at the cemetery by pretending that her son is there, but he knocks her out and puts her in a casket in a catacomb. Travis finds Libby after she escapes but instead of taking her in, he helps her to finish what she was there to do. He goes back to question Jonathan one last time about why Libby may want to find him, but instead tapes him when he says that he buried her and that there was nothing left to worry about. Libby comes into the room and demands her child again with a gun in her hand. Jonathan tries to get her to put it down by asking her if she wanted to serve time again. She tells him, how ever, what she learned in prison from an inmate. As the conversation heats up, Libby’s husband shoots Travis, but Libby kills Mr.

Codes of practice and guidance Status Essay

Definitions – equality, equality of opportunity, diversity, different types of discrimination (direct, indirect etc); equality legislation (UK, EU, the international picture); human rights legislation; coverage of legislation: employees, customers, stakeholders; industry requirements eg. public sector; conflicts eg. between law and religious or cultural beliefs Codes of practice and guidance Status of guidance and codes of practice ie. voluntary, required; industry standards or requirements eg. public sector requirements Benefits Benefits of equality and diversity in workforce, benefits of equality and diversity in stakeholder/customer base Needs Needs and expectations of those inside the organisation, needs and expectations of those outside the organisation; fairness and justice, impact of prejudice and discrimination on groups and individuals 2. Understand the dynamics of leading and managing equality and diversity in an organisation Commitment Creating a language and culture of commitment; how the behaviour, actions and words of those within the organisation support commitment to equality and diversity; the importance of showing respect; leading by example Policies and procedures Policies and procedures for legal compliance, policies and procedures to meet organisational aims and commitment, writing equality and diversity policies, how to ensure procedures help to meet policy Communication Importance of communicating commitment, policies and procedures; training staff; raising awareness of staff and stakeholders. Ensuring suppliers are aware of commitment, policies and procedures eg. website designers, printers consider accessibility issues in terms of language, size of text; facilities management consider suitability of premises access and use etc .

Indian Contract Act Essay

THE INDIAN CONTTRACT ACT, 1872 The Law of contract is that branch of Law, which determines the circumstances in which promises made by parties to contract shall be legally binding on them. Every one of us enters into a number of contracts from morning until night. Examples: 1) Buying Milk early in the morning. 2) Boarding BEST Bus 3) Borrowing Money from Friend 4) To see movie. 5) Purchasing goods from shops. This how we enter into contracts though we are not conscious of it .Therefore, it is most usual method of defining the give and take deal in a business transaction The law relating to the contract is contained in the INDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1972. The principle of this law helps in settlement of disputes between the parties to the contract. The Indian Contract Act, 1872 deals only with promises which creates legal obligation. DEFINITION OF CONTRACT The word contract is derived from the â€Å"LATIN† term â€Å"CONTRACTUM† Meaning â€Å"DRAWN TOGETHER† This therefore denotes drawing together of two or more minds to form a common intention-giving rise to an agreement. Indian Definition A Contract is â€Å"an agreement† Enforceable by law {u/s 2(h)} By analysis of this definition we find that a contract consists of two elements 1) An Agreement 2) Enforceability by law Consent and free consent Consent: Generally speaking, the word consent means agreeing that something should happen. An agreement is valid only when it is the result of the free consent of all the parties to it. Consent means act of assenting to an offer. {S-13} defines consent as two or more person are said to consent when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense. Explanation: Consent therefore, requires unity of the mind. When parties agreed upon the same thing in the same sense, they have consensus ad idem. Consensus ad idem means agreement to this same thing. Real agreement to a contract by the both parties. If there no consent, there is no contract. Free consent Parties’ consenting upon the same thing in the same sense is not sufficient, consent means also be from {S-14} says Consent is said to be so caused when it would not have been given but for the existence of such coercion, undue, fraud or misrepresentation or mistake. {S-19} says a contract is void able at the option of the party whose consent was caused due to coercion, undue influence, fraud or misrepresentation or mistake. For example: A is forced to sign an agreement at the point of pistol. Here, A knows what he is signing but his consent is not free. In the following cases the consent of a person is NOT FREE. B. COERCION {S-15} When a person is compelled to enter into a contract by the use of force by the other party or under a threat, coercion is said to be employed. {S-15} Coercion is- a) The committing or threatening to commit any act forbidden by the Indian Penal Code, 1860 OR b) The unlawful detaining or threatening to detain any property to the prejudice of any person whatever, c) With the intention of causing any person to enter into an agreement. Explanation: It is immaterial whether the Indian Penal Code is or is not in force in the place where the coercion is employed. For example: A threatens to kills B, if he does not lend money C. B agrees to lend money to C. The agreement is entered into by coercion Case: Ranganayakamma vs. Alwar Setti: A Hindu widow was forced to adopt M under threat that her husband’s dead body will not be allowed to be removed by her husband’s relatives. The adoption was held to be voidable as having induced by coercion. It is important to note that coercion may proceed from anybody, even a person who is not a party to the contract. It may be  directed against anybody not necessarily the other contracting party. It includes physical compulsion, fear and even menace to the goods. [S-19]: When consent to an agreement is caused by coercion, fraud or misrepresentation the agreement is a contract voidable at the option of the party whose consent was so caused [S-72]: A person to whom has been paid or anything delivered under coercion or mistake must repay or return it. Case : T.G.M. Asad vs. Coffee Board Held – Coercion in [S-72] of this Act must be understood in the ‘ordinary sense’. It includes every kind of compulsion even if it does not measure upto definition in this section. UNDUE INFLUENCE [S-16] It is wrong pressure put on someone which prevents that person from acting independently .i.e. A party is compelled to enter into an agreement against his own will as a result of unfair persuasion by the other party. This happens when a special kind of relationship exists between the parties that a party is in a position to dominate the will of the other and because of such unfair influence, the other party is compelled to enter into an agreement against his will. This principle applies to very case where: a) The influence is acquired and abused. (b) Where confidence is respond and betrayed. {S-16(1)}: A contract is said to be induced by undue influence where the relation subsisting between the parties is such that one of the parties is in a position to dominate the will of the other and uses that position to obtain an unfair advantage over the other. A person deemed to be in a position to dominate the will of the other- (a) Where he holds real or apparent authority over the other For example: Master and servant. (b)Where he makes a contract with a person whose mental capacity is temporarily or permanently affected: Because of age, illness or mental or bodily distress S-16(2) For example: Doctor and Patient. Effect of undue influence: When the consent to the agreement is caused by undue influence, it is voidable at the option of the part whose consent so caused {S-19A}: Any such contract may be st aside. If the party has received benefit, then, upon such terms and condition as the court may seem just FRAUD (S-17) Misrepresentation of facts may be intentional or unintentional. ‘Intentional mispresentation is ‘fraud’, unintentional or ‘innocent’ representation is called a â€Å"mispresentation†. A statement of fact which one party makes in the course of negotiations with with a view to inducing the other party to enter into a contract is called a â€Å"representation†. According to (S-17) fraud MEANS and INCLUDES any of the following acts committed by a party to the contract or with his connivance, or by his agent with intent to deceive another or to induce a person to enter into the contract. (Connivance: see and ignore.) For example: { S-55} of Transfer of Property Act – the seller of an immovable property is bound to disclose to the buyer all material defects – failure to do so amounts to a fraud. Consequences of Fraud [S. 19]: A contract induced by a fraud is voidable at the option of the party defrauded. If the party does not avoid the contract, it will continue to be valid. The party defrauded has the following remedies: (a). he can rescind the contract within a reasonable time. However, if any innocent third party acquires an interest in the property for value then – he cannot rescind the contract. (Rescind – to cancel, to annul.) (b). he may ask for damages suffered because of non fulfillment of the contract.(Damages compensation). E. MISREPRESENTATION [S.18]: A representation is a statement or assertion made by 1 party to the other, before or at the time of the contract relating to it. If the assertion is untrue and the person making it believes it to be true, it is known as innocent representation. If it is done intentionally, it will be a fraud. For example: A while selling his mare to B, tells him that mare is perfectly sound. A genuinely believes the mare to be sound although he has no sufficient for the belief. Later on B discovers the mare to be unsound. The representation made by A misrepresentation. Definition of misrepresentation [S.18]: Misrepresentation MEANS & INCLUDES a) [S.18(1)] The positive assertion in a manner not warranted by the information of the person making it, of which is not true, though he believes it to be true. (b)S. 18(2)] Any breach of duty, which, without an intent to deceive, gains an advantage to the person committing, it, or anyone claiming under him, by misleading another to his prejudice or to the prejudice of anyone claiming under him. (c)Causing however innocently a party to an agreement to make a mistake as to the substance of the thing which is the subject matter of the agreement [S.18(3)]. Mistake of law: [S.21] A contract is not avoidable (valid) because it was caused by a mistake as to any law in force in India; But a mistake is to any law not in force in India has the same effect as a mistake of fact. (a). Mistake of law of the country (India): ] Where there is mistake of law of India, the contract is binding because everybody is supposed to the knowledge of his own law does not affect the contract. For Example: A and B make a contract on the erroneous belief that a particular debt is barred by the India aw of limitation. This is a VALID CONTRACT because mistake as to law of India does not affect the contract. The reason behind this is that a person is expected to know the law of his own country, and if he does not, he must suffer the consequences of such ignorance of law. (b). mistake of foreign law: (S.21} This is regarded as a question of fact and not of law. Because a person is not bound, in civil law, to know the law of a foreign country. Therefore if a person has entered into contract by making a mistake of law of a foreign country, the contract may e avoided. For example: A and B enter into contract in India based on an erroneous belief that a particular debt is barred by American law of limitation. The contract is void because the mistake is of the law of America i.e. a mistake of fact which makes a contract void {u/s-21}. Mistake of fact: Bilateral Mistake: {S.20} Definition: {S-20} When both parties to an agreement are under a mistake as to a matter of fact essential to the agreement, the agreement is void For this following condition must be fulfilled: 1) The mistake must be mutual: Both the parties should misunderstand each other. For example: A agreed to purchase B’s motor car which was lying in B’s garage. Unknown to both the parties, the car and garage were completely destroyed by a fire a day earlier. The agreement is void. (2). The mistake must relate to a matter of fact essential to the agreement: As to what facts are essential in an agreement will depend upon the nature of the promise in each case. The mistake, moreover, must relate to an existing fact. |||. Opinion: Explanation {S-20}: An erroneous opinion as to the value of at thing which forms the subject matter of an agreement is not be deemed a mistake as to a matter of fact. For example: A buys an article thinking it is worth rs.500,  actually it is worth rs.200. the agreement cannot be avoided on the ground of mistake. (1), physical impossibility: Case: Griffith vs. Brymer(1903) A contract for the hire of a room for witnessing the coronation procession of Edward VII was held to be void, because – unknown to the parties, the procession had already been cancelled. Unilateral mistake:{S-22} If the mistake is on the part of one person only, the contract is valid. When one of the parties to the contract is under a mistake as to the identity, quality or price of the subject matter of the contract. The mistake is unilateral mistake. {S-22} says a contract is not avoidable merely because it was caused by one of the parties to it being under a mistake as to a matter of fact Case: Smith vs. Hughes (1871): H bought oates from S, a sample of which had been shown to H. Erroneously H thought the oaters were old. The oates were however new. Held- H cannot avoid the contract For example: A buy an article thinking its worth rs 1000/- when it is worth ro 50/- A cannot avoid the contract REMDIES FOR MISTAKES [S-65 & 72] [S-65] says where an agreement is discovered to be void, OR where a  contract become void, any persons who has received any advantage under such an agreement OR contract is BOUND TO RESTORE it OR to make COMPENSATION for it to the person, from whom he has received it. FOR Example : A pays B rs. 1000? In consideration of B’s promising to marries to C. C is that at the time of promise. The agreement is void, but B must pay a rs.1000 Performance of contract: When contract need not to be performed a) substitute to new contract: if the parties to the contract agrees to substitute a new contract for it oar rescind alter it the original contract need not to be performed{S-62} b) Dispense the performance: If the promise dispenses with or remits holy or in part, the performance of promise made to him or Extends the time for such performance or accepts satisfaction for it, the contract need not be performed {S-63} (c) Voidable contract : When the void able contract is rescinded the other party need not perform his promise {S-64} Tender/offer of performance: The offer to perform is called the tender. Sometimes it so happens that a party who is bound to perform his promise under the contract is ready and wlling to perform but the other party to the contract does not accept the performance or is not willing to carry out his part of the promise. The rule is given in {S-38} Where a promisor has made an offer of performance to the promise, and the offer has not been accepted, the promise is not responsible for non performance, nor does he thereby lose his rights under a contract. Effect of refusal to perform: {S-39} When a party to a contract has refused to performed or disabled himself from performing the promise . The promise may put an end to the contract , unless he has shown his willingness to continue the contract by word or conduct.